City Of God The Power Of Environment - 1162 Words

CITY OF GOD: THE POWER OF ENVIRONMENT Julia Reilly-Edwards Politics Film September 13, 2015 John Locke, renowned philosopher from the Enlightenment period, argued that one’s environment was a more powerful influence in a person’s life than genetic make-up. The events of the movie City of God support Locke’s ideas—nurture is the driving force in individual development, and a individual’s environment has a direct impact on the choices one makes. In the film, City of God, the different paths of Rocket and Lil Ze demonstrate the effect of environment as well as upbringing on the success of individuals. Both of these characters failed to escape from the drugs and crime of their hometown, however, their interactions with the people around them ultimately led Lil Ze to decide upon one life, while Rocket chose another direction. The core theme of the movie is the idea that crime within the city continues generationally—the viewer sees three different sets of children rise to power in the gangs. All of these children have different genetics, unique talents and abilities, but they all have one goal: obtain power and receive respect. These desires are not written in the genetic code. The model the older kids and parents set drives them to seek control. Growing up, Lil Ze was bullied by the older boys, never allowed to participate in any of the hold-ups. They shot down his ideas, and made him feel as though he were inferior. This occurs early on in theShow MoreRelatedEssay about City of God914 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal Behavior Essay Paper 4/22/2005 City of God The City of God is based on actual events that occurred in Rio de Janeiro during the 1960s and 1970s. The movie is about the rise and fall of a fearsome sociopath gang leader Lil Ze, who reigned as king of the drug lords during the 70s. The first part of the movie illustrates some of the forces that mold Lil Ze into the man he becomes, while the second half shows his ruthless leap to power, followed by the war he wages against opposingRead More City of God Essays898 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal Behavior nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The City of God is based on actual events that occurred in Rio de Janeiro during the 1960’s and 1970’s. The movie is about the rise and fall of a fearsome sociopath gang leader Li’l Ze, who reigned as king of the drug lords during the 70’s. The first part of the movie illustrates some of the forces that mold Li’l Ze into the man he becomes, while the second half shows his ruthless leap to power, followed by the war he wages against opposing gang leadersRead MoreSumer And Egypt : The Pioneers Of Civilization1226 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped a theocratic government, established an agricultural-based economic system, and created a polytheistic religion. Because the land was flat and marshy with few hills or mountains, Sumer had little protection from a military standpoint. The environment of Egypt was the polar opposite of Sumer. The Egyptians were surrounded by desert to prevent invasion, yet gifted with plenty of fertile l and along the Nile. This geographical disadvantage of Sumer led to the assembly of an indestructible militaryRead MoreCity of God949 Words   |  4 PagesLaura Schneider Sociology 1 The City of God After watching â€Å"The City of God†, I personally can see the correlation that crime plays in association with poverty, social influence, and lack of law and order. Though my perspective vastly varies from that of sociological theorists, I think we can both conclude that this movie is an extreme representation as to what can occur when society shuns away disadvantaged youths to a place that lacks justice as well as ethical and moral responsibilities.Read MoreEgypt and Mesopotamia: Similarities and Differences in Religion956 Words   |  4 Pageswere no different in this sense. Both civilizations were polytheistic and built elaborate temples to praise their gods. Additionally, the leaders in both regions were believed to be related to the gods because of the great power they held and the wealth under their control. However, the Mesopotamians had a pessimistic outlook on life because of the unpredictability of their environment. The Egyptians, on the other hand, had an op timistic outlook because the Nile River inundated their region regularlyRead MoreModernism in Sandburgs Chicago and Prayers of Steel757 Words   |  3 Pagesthe new society and environment that was formed by industrialization, which arose during the period between World War I and World War II. The modernist movement arose out of this new way of viewing the world and the self. Among the characteristics of the modernist movement were alienation and themes that were rooted in real life and real-life experiences. American poet Carl Sandburg was able to demonstrate how the individual viewed his redefined relationship with his environment and society in PrayersRead MoreThe Success Of The Cities Non Stop Activity1667 Words   |  7 Pages A reality is staged by the organization of the city that earns it its claim to fame of never sleeping. The success of the cities non stop activity is shouted through the media and often those in leadership positions within it. The constant activity an d opportunities offered by the city are part of its draw. The city is seen by surrounding regions as an epicenter of power, as the source of legislation, center of commerce and education. It boasts the most impressive architectural structures andRead MoreThe Life Course Perspective Theory872 Words   |  4 Pagesmisconduct. It could be classified as a road map to an individuals expected behavior and may provide reasoning for that individuals’ life choices, not only in relation to criminal behavior but also on ones ability to sustain relationships. In the movie City of God, it differentiates the progression of individuals and their life choices based on their history and what path one ultimately decides to take. Many researchers have examined the importance of one’s life-course such as the work of John Laub and RobertRead MoreA Comparison of Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian Societies701 Words   |  3 Pagesthem, they exhibited important differences as a consequence of the different physical environments in which they developed. In this paper I will first focus on what I consider to be the major aspects of these differences in environment and then explore the consequences of these differences in their religious beliefs, political organization and commercial practices. A major difference in physical environment between these ancient societies was the seasonal river flows on which they depended forRead MoreAncient Egyptian Culture and Its Influence on Poetry Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pages Ancient Egypt was a civilization highly advanced for its time. The Nile River provided the gift of fresh water allowing the surrounding land to be settled. Its yearly predictable flooding created fertile soil for farming. This was the perfect environment in which Egyptian society would prosper. Egypt was equipped with all the amenities of a modern society including people who married, had children, practiced religion, and even had festivals with food, beer, music and dancing. All that is known about

Air And Water Pollution Essay - 1282 Words

Air and water pollution is one of the biggest problems the environment faces today. It is one of the highest leading cause of death. Air and water pollution has been affecting the environment for many years causing many diseases among people especially children. I will study and examine the early childhood growth between two countries which are Australia and Tanzania. I will discuss how clean and polluted their air and water is for each country. Their access to clean water. I will also explain the effects that can occur when water is contaminated. How children are affected when they don t have access to primary essentials and how each country and their environment and living condition might threatened a child s life. Hazardous†¦show more content†¦But in recent studies it has shown that in some communities in Australia struggle to meet water standards. (Schwarzenbach et al., 2010) has recently shown that drinking water in some parts of Australia has shown to be contaminated with uranium, faecal bacteria and nitrates. (Schwarzenbach, R., Egli, T., Hofstetter, T., Von Gunten, U., Wehrli, B. (2010).Meaning those who don t have access to clean water in Australia will likely become sick or catch a disease affecting not only their growth but a child growth as well. Water is important to the human body. As we not only depend on it to live it helps our cells to function properly. Not having clean water can hinder our development but can affect our organs as well.As that being said low income communities in Australia will most likely have less access to clean water as opposed to those who are of high income. (Health, J., Kim. (2004) found that air pollution can cause chronic effects on the d evelopment of a child that can lead to many illnesses like asthma and bronchitis as a result of living in high-ozone country meaning high pollutant than those who live in a low-ozone country.Committee on Environmental Health, J., Kim. (2004). In Australia, food security is considered to be an important social determinant of health and a significant public health issue at national and state levels. Food insecurity is, however, especially important to child and familyShow MoreRelatedAir and Water Pollution essay4881 Words   |  20 PagesINTRODUCTION OF AIR POLLUTION The chemical composition of the atmosphere today is so different as compared to the atmosphere that existed before the Industrial Revolution, 1760 – 1830. To define air pollution, we should first consider all those sources that release harmful chemicals into the atmosphere and alter its chemical composition. First of all, all anthropogenic (man-made) emissions are air pollutants. Next, is the natural emission which can be divided into biogenic and geogenic. BiogenicRead MoreEssay on Low Health Expectancy1034 Words   |  5 PagesSTUDENT ID: 200860429 MODULE CODE: FC501 3T ANDREW NUMMEY Module Code: FC501 3T Class Group: Group B Assessment Title: Essay Assessment Title: What are the factors which contribute to low health expectancy in developing countries? Discuss possible solutions to reduce this problem. Tutor Name: Andrew Nummey Student ID Number: 200860429 Date of Submission: Friday 2nd December 2011 Word count:966 STUDENT ID: 200860429 Read MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Earth882 Words   |  4 PagesMany cause and effects are happening in the world because of the global warming in the whole environment. Frist, most scientists agree that the main cause of the current global warming is from burning fuels on earth. One of the main sources of air pollution is burning fossil fuels like oil, gasoline, and coal. These fossil fuels come from the fossils of ancient plants and animals that lived on earth millions of years ago. Fossil fuels are burned to create energy so that we can drive cars and trucksRead More Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuel Exploration and Extraction937 Words   |  4 Pagesexploration and extraction in this essay refers to an industrial process of prospecting the petrochemical resources and transferring it to consumable goods. The environmental effects of this process could be varied; this essay will focus on air pollution, land subsidence and the degradation of water quality. Initially, air pollution is considered as a negative effect of exploring and extracting the fossil fuels due to the increasing content of carbon dioxide and air dust. Since fossil resources wereRead MoreCritical Sources For The Pollution1207 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Source for the Pollution When there is a pasture that can be used freely, all the farmers who raise cows would bring as much cows as they can to feed them and take a benefit from it. Without rule or law it is human’s nature to behave selfishly and try to get more advantage for oneself. According to Hardin’s article, â€Å"The tragedy of the commons†, he addresses that commons in our society exists in many different ways and these commons are becoming tragedy to our lives. This tragedy, actingRead More Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use Essay606 Words   |  3 Pagesenvironmental impacts that occur from their use. These problems; such as acid rain, oil spills, climate change, global warming, etc., are not only occurring with fossil fuel usage, but are also increasing due to the increase in the use of fossil fuels. This essay will vaguely explain the area of environmental impacts from fossil fuel use, and will attempt to change, or further increase your understanding of the very se rious environmental impacts that occur from fossil fuel use. One of the biggest environmentalRead MoreGlobal Water Pollution: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions Essay530 Words   |  3 PagesWater pollution has become a huge problem in many countries all over the world. It is known that water is a very significant factor in life, but if this water becomes contaminated, it will be very dangerous for the humanity and wildlife. Pollution is defined as to make fetid or unclear and dirty (American College Dictionary). So, water pollution means the change in the water composition to be dirty or unclear. This essay will examine the causes of water pollution, the effect of that issue in lifeRead MoreEssay about Can the World Sustain an Increasing Population?925 Words   |  4 PagesEzeh, Bongaarts and Mberu (2012) states that increasing population is a threat to individuals and societies by bring problems based on unsatisfied demand. The â€Å"increasing population† in this essay can be defined as net rising in birth rate during a period, especi ally in the poor developing countries. This essay will argue that the world cannot sustain an increasing population. The reasons for this are firstly, limited nature resources can hardly maintain huge population and environment may be polluted;Read MoreImportance Of Environment Pollution Essay1021 Words   |  5 PagesRemarek. Subject: Lang and com (Expository essay) Date: 03-11-2017 â€Å"Environment pollution† Environment pollution is a much familiar topic in the present time. We are deeply related to environment pollution. It is the biggest problem in Bangladesh even the world. The environment is refers everything in our surroundings. It means air, water, soil, people, plants and animals etcRead MoreMan s Quest Always Conquers, Outdoes And Destroys What Nature Has Created By Emily Dickinson903 Words   |  4 Pagesactivities like chemical testing and deforestation, the Earth became loaded with pollutants. Pollution is a serious problem because it causes global warming, acid rain, famine, water shortage, disease, genetic mutation, and many different types of problems. Most environmental pollution is the result of human activities such as deforestation, automobile emissions, radioactive waste, fuel combustion, etc. in my essay, I will prove that man’s quest always conquers, outdoes and destroys what nature has created

Competition in Healthcare Free Essays

In the U. S. economy, when companies or organizations compete for consumers’ business, consumers usually win with lower prices and better quality product (Stossel, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Competition in Healthcare or any similar topic only for you Order Now This idea has spread to the healthcare industry and is being encouraged as a way to increase value for patients (Rivers, 2008). With the healthcare industry being a very diverse industry, there are many different forms of competitions as well as benefits and shortfalls for competition in the healthcare market. Traditional competition in healthcare involves one more elements of price, quality, convenience, superior products or services, new technology and innovations (Rivers, 2008). There are different forms of healthcare competition. One form of healthcare competition is the competition that exists between individuals who provide healthcare such as physicians and other healthcare practitioners (Rivers, 2008). These entities compete for patients who are able to pay on their own, or who have their own health insurance (Rivers, 2008). They also compete off of a non-price basis (Rivers, 2008). This means they are competing with their location, their colleague referrals, and their reputations (Rivers, 2008). Physicians and other healthcare practitioners may also compete in the medical market by reducing competition from non-physicians like psychologist (Rivers, 2008). The benefits for this type of competition are that it forces the healthcare practitioner and physicians to be more patient-orientated. It also encourages prices to competitive since some of these individuals are paying for the services out of their own pocket and is price conscious (Stossel, 2007). Another form of competition in the healthcare industry is healthcare organizations, such as hospitals (Rivers, 2008). These entities compete for physicians, third-party payers and patients (Rivers, 2008). They compete for patients by providing more services, better amenities and discounted prices (Rivers, 2008). They also compete for physicians by trying to maintain a cutting edge of competition with their technology and new medical discoveries (Rivers, 2008). The final form of competition in the healthcare industry is between organizations that provide healthcare financing, insurance and plans. These entities compete with access, premiums, benefits, quality and different degrees of freedom in choosing a provider and the benefits or coverage services. The pitfall for this type of competition is that it can often be confusing for consumers who are comparing different insurance or financing plan. Competition in the healthcare industry is being encouraged to help better the quality of care patients receive as well as reduce medical costs. When patients have the choice of where they receive medical care, competition and having a competitive edge on opponents is important. Since the healthcare industry is so large and diverse, there are different forms of competition between healthcare entities. Ultimately competition is supposed to benefit the consumer and patients. resources: Rivers, P. (2008). Healthcare competition, strategic mission and patietn satisfaction:research models and propositions. Retrieved on October 13, 2012 from www. ncbi. nlm. nib/gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865678 Stossel, J (2007). The Competitive Advantage. http://abcnews. go. com/2020/story? id=36026262page=1 How to cite Competition in Healthcare, Papers

Chalk Made Out from Seashells Essay Sample free essay sample

Presents. people are acquiring to utilize to roll up seashells for merriment and for past clip. They made ornaments. even accoutrements for a doll out of it and most people collect seashells. Here in the Philippines. people made seashells for ornaments and accoutrements. They made seashells into accoutrements for them to sell it. But don’t you know that aside from those things seashells can besides be made into a much utile things. In add-on. seashells are besides used in doing jewellery. These shells are made into smooth perfect domains which. by themselves. could be mistaken to pearls. We are cognizant that the instruction is the most powerful key to win. And to back up this. we need some installations and stuffs for us to do it easier and clearer. Of class. in our modern universe today we know that we already have some modernized equipments to do it clearer but still for those hopeless states and people who want to be sent in school. And the monetary value of about all commercialized or local merchandises continuously increasing. And this is a large facet to be considered in schooling. Some of the schools don’t have adequate support from authorities and this thing brings troubles for us pupils. We already have whiteboards that merely need markers and projectors for those modernized. But merely the rich states and people can afford it. how about the hapless 1s? It would be expensive for them. So. research workers made some tests and mistakes from different natural stuffs to be made into a more lasting and long lasting chalk. Until they found out that seashells is made up of Ca carbonate that can besides be found in chalk. The term seashells normally refer to the exoskeleton of invertebrate animate beings. Most seashells are normally found at the beaches but in a assortment of home grounds it is besides possible to happen shells from fresh water animate beings. But what was known in these animate beings they are made up of Ca carbonate. It will now be easy for the less fortunate state or people to afford a lasting and long permanent alternate chalk. We besides need to cognize the hardness and the texture of the chalk out of seashells. Statement of the ProblemThe survey is conducted to determine the production of chalk from seashells. Specifically. this survey sought to reply the undermentioned inquiry: 1. Be at that place any important difference between the chalk out from seashells and taking commercial one? 2. Be at that place any important difference between the experimental chalk from seashells and the taking commercial one in footings of quality and lastingness? 3. Is the merchandise is acceptable to the consumer in footings of handiness and economic value? Statement of the HypothesissBased on the aforesaid jobs. the undermentioned hypotheses are advanced: 1. There is no important difference between the chalk out from seashells and the taking commercial 1. 2. There is no important difference between the experimental chalk from seashells and the taking commercial one in footings of quality and lastingness. 3. The merchandise is non acceptable to the consumer in footings of handiness and economic value. Significance of the Study This survey is focused on the possibility of replacing commercialized chalk with seashells. This survey opens another manner for us people to be able to salvage and do chalk that is more lasting with durable usage. The survey was conducted as a redress for the common job of disbursement much in. It aims to assist the less fortunate purchasing some expensive commercialized or local merchandises. Scope and RestrictionThis survey is focused on planing and bring forthing alternate chalk. It besides deals with the appraisal of its existent advantages as compared to the commercialised 1. The qualities and measures informations obtained in the testing of the merchandise against the control were limited to 3 trials merely. This survey will be conducted at the abode of the research worker in his abode at Panitan. Capiz. Chapter IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREThis portion presents the conceptual literature and related surveies. SeashellsA seashell is the common name for difficult. protective outer bed that was created by a sea animal or a marine being. The shells are the portion of the organic structure of a marine animate being. in most instances the exoskeleton. The word shell is frequently used to mention merely to the shells of marine mollusc. mollusc shells but it can besides be used to intend the shells of a broad assortment of marine animate beings from different phyla. The composing of seashells have three distinguishable substances involved: the outer bed of the horny substance conchiolin. the intermediate bed of calcite. and the smooth interior bed composed chiefly of Ca calbornate. The blood of a mollusc is rich in a liquid signifier of Ca. A soft outer organ called the mantle concentrates the Ca in countries where it can divide out from the blood. organizing Ca carbonate crystals. The mantle deposits sheets of the crystal in changing thickness. The single crystals in each bed vary in form and or ientation. Most of the seashells are normally found in beach impetus. natural debris that is deposited along strandlines on the beaches by the moving ridges and the tides. Shells are really frequently washed up onto a beach empty and clean it’s because the animate being has already died and the soft parts holding rotted off or holding eaten by either marauders or scavengers. Empty seashells are frequently found by beachcombers and roll uping these shells is a harmless avocation or survey. The bulk of seashells which are offered for gross revenues commercially have been collected alive and so killed and cleaned. specifically for commercial trade. This type of development can sometimes hold a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species and on local ecosystems. Apart from mollusc shells. there are other types of shells that can be found on beaches are those of cirripeds. horseshoe pediculosis pubis. and lamp shells. Some of these seashells came from annelid worms in the household of Serpulidae create shells made up of chalky tubings cemented onto other surfaces. The shells of sea urchins are called trials and the shells of pediculosis pubis and lobsters are called exuviae. But most of these seashells are external. Seashells have been admired. studied and used by worlds for many different intents throughout history and pre-history. But seashells are non the lone sort of shells. In a assortment of home grounds it is possible to happen shells from fresh water animate beings such as fresh water mussels and fresh water snails. and it is besides possible to happen shells from land snails. ChalkA chalk is a soft white porous sedimentary stone. a signifier of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is calcium carbonate or CaCO3. It forms under moderately deeps marine conditions from the gradual accretion of minute calcite home bases shed from microorganism called coccolithophores. It is common to happen chert or flint nodules embedded in chalk. Chalk can besides mention to other compounds including Mg silicate and Ca sulphate. Chalk has greater opposition to enduring and slouching than the clays which it is normally associated. Thus. organizing tall steep drops where chalk ridges meet the sea. Chalk hills. known as chalk down land. normally form where sets of chalk reach the surface at an angle and organizing a scarp incline. Because chalk is porous it can keep a big volume of land H2O. supplying a natural reservoir that releases H2O easy through dry seasons. Chalk is composed largely of Ca carbonate with minor sums of silt and clay. It is usually formed underwater. normally on the sea bed so consolidated and compressed during diagenesis into the signifier normally seen today. During diagenesis silicon oxide accumulates to organize chert or flint nodules within the carbonate stone. Ninety million old ages ago the chalk down land of Northern Europe was ooze accumulating at the underside of a great sea. Protozoans such as Foraminifera lived on the marine dust that showered down from the upper beds of the ocean. Their shells were made of calcite extracted from the rich sea-water. As they died a deep bed bit by bit built up and finally. through the weight of overlying deposits. became amalgamate into stone. Later Earth motions related to the formation of the Alps raised these former sea-floor sedimentations above sea degree. UsesChalk is used to do calcium oxide and slaked calcium hydroxide. chiefly used as lime howitzer in edifices. In southeast England. Deneholes are a noteworthy illustration of ancient chalk cavities. Such bell cavities may besides tag the sites of ancient flint mines. where the premier object was to take flint nodules for rock tool industry. The surface remains at Cissbury are one such illustration. but possibly the most celebrated is the extended composite at Grimes Graves in Norfolk. The traditional utilizations of chalk have in some instances been replaced by other substances. although the word â€Å"chalk† is frequently still applied to the usual replacings. Blackboard chalk is used for pulling on unsmooth surfaces. as it readily crumbles go forthing atoms that stick slackly to these surfaces. Although traditionally composed of natural chalk. modern chalkboard chalk is by and large made from the mineral gypsum. frequently supplied in sticks of tight pulverization about 4 i nches long. Sidewalk chalk is similar to blackboard chalk. except that it is formed into larger sticks and frequently colored. It is used to pull on pavements. streets. and private roads. largely by kids. but besides by grownup creative persons. In agribusiness chalk is used for raising pH in dirts with high sourness. The most common signifiers are calcium carbonate and Ca oxide. In field athleticss. including grass tennis tribunals. powdery chalk was used to tag the boundary lines of the playing field or tribunal. This gives the advantage that. if the ball hits the line. a cloud of chalk or pigment dust can be seen. Nowadays the substance used is largely titanium dioxide. In gymnastic exercises. rock-climbing. weight-lifting and jerk of war. chalk — now normally magnesium carbonate — is applied to the custodies to take sweat and cut down stealing. Tailor’s chalk is traditionally a difficult chalk used to do impermanent markers on fabric. chiefly by seamsters. Nowadays it is normally made from Mg silicate. Polishing chalk is chalk prepared with a carefully controlled grain size. for really all right shining of metals. Related SurveiesGallinero. Reymark A. . et Al. In his survey about â€Å"Pulverizing Tuway Shells as a Potential Material for Chalk Production† there were three trial in this survey that were prepared. The tuway shells were burned to do one stick. delay until the shells brickle easy. A howitzer and stamp were used to powderize the shells. The sum of shells is half of the sum of Pbc grout that was put in the shells. The mixture were assorted and the mixture was put in the chalk molder. Then delay for 2 hours to do the chalk prohibitionist. After garnering informations. they found out that the chalk from Tuway shells are non the same as the commercialize chalk in footings of colour and texture but in footings of hardness the chalk from Tuway shells is more harder. Chapter IIIMethodologyThis portion describes the research design that will be used in the survey. recite the stuffs and tools that will be usedand nowadayss the different stairss on how the experiment will be carried out. Gathering stuffsIn carry oning this survey. the research worker used seashells to puverized. 500 g of manioc. howitzer and stamp to powderize the seashells. oven wassailer for boiling the seashells. grater and fabric is used to squash the juice from manioc. and a bowl as a container of the infusion. ProcedureUnder the Sun and delay until it dries up and is ready to be used. In carry oning the experiment the research worker followed the undermentioned process: Collect seashells from the sea shore or left-over shell commissariats. and manioc. Pulverized the shells until it becomes all right as pulverization and put aside in a container. Grate the manioc and squash its juice utilizing fabrics. Separate the liquid from its residue. Mix the residue of the extracted manioc and the powdered seashells. Add a little sum of H2O at the right ratio of the measure of the mixture. Mold the mixture into different forms and sizes harmonizing to your desire. Put it under the Sun and delay until it dries up and is ready to be used. Procedural Design Statistical AnalysisThe statistical analysis that will be used in this survey for the calculations of the consequences were average and analysis of discrepancy. The mean was computed determine the acceptableness of the merchandise in footings of factors used in this survey. The analysis discrepancy was computed to prove whether the peculiar chalk from seashells and the commercialised chalk are significantly different. Mean Mean is besides known as the arithmetic mean. a value that helps sum up an full set of Numberss. A set’s mean is calculated by adding the Numberss in the set together and spliting their amount by the figure of members of the set. Average: ?=i=1NxiN Table 1value| remarks|1-1. 80| Least Desirable|1. 81-2. 61| Desirable|2. 62-3. 42| Reasonably Desirable|3. 43-4. 23| Highly Desirable|4. 24-5. 0| Excellent| * R = 5-4 = 4* I = 5/4 = 0. 80 Analysis of DiscrepancyAnalysis of discrepancy is the analysis of the difference in the results of an experiment and determines the factors that contribute to the variable. It is besides the method of dividing the entire fluctuation of the information into meaningful constituents. Sum-of-Squares Computational FormulaSST= i=1kj=1nx2ij-T2†¦nkSSC=i=1kT2. n-T2. . nkSSE=SST-SSC SST = entire amount of squaresSSC = amount of squares for column agenciesSSE = mistake amount of squares Table 2Analysis of Variance for the One-Way ClassificationBeginning of Variation| Sum of Squares| Degrees of Freedom| Mean Square| Computed| Column meansError| SSCSSE| k-1k ( n-1 ) | s2=SSCk-1s22=SSEk ( n-1 ) | s12s22| Total | SST| nk-1| | | Definition of FootingsFor the lucidity and better apprehension of this survey. the undermentioned footings were defined: Cassava. Cassava is a fruticose tropical American works widely grown for its big. tuberous. starchy roots. The root of this works is eaten as a basic nutrient in the Torrid Zones merely after leaching and drying to take nitrile. Cassava amylum is besides the beginning of tapioca. In this survey. it is referred to the fruit to be used in acquiring its juice and to be assorted with the seashells. Extract. Extract is a concentrated substance obtained by first utilizing a dissolver to fade out this substance when nowadays in a mixture and so vaporizing the dissolver. In this survey. it is referred to the juice obtained from the fruit of the works which is the manioc and prepared into pure concentrations. Seashells. Seashell is a difficult. stiff outer bed. which has evolved in a really broad assortment of different animate beings. including molluscs. sea urchins. crust aceans. polo-necks and tortoises. armadillos. etc. Scientific names for this type of construction include exoskeleton. armor. trial. shell. and peltidium. In this survey the seashells are the chief topics to be used for the experiment and to be made into a chalk.

Logical God Vs Biblical God Essay Research free essay sample

Logical God Vs Biblical God Essay, Research Paper Can the descriptions of God, claimed by the Bible, be proven? In Descartes? Meditations, Descartes logically proved the being of an space and true being. The Holy Bible describes God, our Godhead. I plan to compare the logically proved space being ( God ) and the Biblical God and see if their traits mirror each other. If they do so it would turn out, if non give strong grounds, that they are one in the same. First I will repeat Descartes? cogent evidence of an space and true being. P1-Ideas are either internal, external, or innate. P2-The thought of eternity is non internal. P3-The thought of eternity is non external. P4-The thought of eternity is hence unconditioned. P5-Any cause must be greater than or equal to it? s consequence. P6-An space being is the cause of the thought of eternity. We will write a custom essay sample on Logical God Vs Biblical God Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page P1-P6 proves that their exists an infinite being. P7- Established is an space, true being. Since it? s space, so it? s boundlessly wise. In Plato? s The Republic, Socrates proved that a wiseman would be Just. Therefore, an infinate being would be boundlessly Just. So if the Bible is truth, and the Biblical God exists, so God would be boundlessly wise and Just every bit good. Following this logic, everything God carries out in the Bible must follow the guidelines of Justice. If there is an case where God displayed an act of unfairness, it proves at least the prophesier to be false. I have non inspected every line in the Bible nor do I program to. But I will travel over some of the chief rules of Christianity, with a focal point on Catholosism, and see if they follow that which is Just. The chose Catholosism for two grounds. One is because it? s my faith and it? s the one I know the most approximately. Second is because of it? s positions of Salvation, which is the chief focal point of faith. The Bible is translated in many different ways by different faiths. Many faiths believe that all you need is faith. Catholosism believes in religion and works. I will utilize the most utmost position, which is Catholosism. The stairss to redemption are that you must hold religion. When you have faith so you must besides hold repented all mortal sin.. In Catholosism the two sorts of wickedness are Mortal and Veniel. Mortal wickednesss are called person because what it does is kill your redemption. You must atone a mortal wickedness to have God? s grace one time once more. A Veniel wickedness is a less serious 1 that still lets you have God? s grace. That is, they need non be repented. If your psyche is clean of all mortal wickednesss so you are all right. If non so your traveling to hell. Now, does this follow in the logic of what an space and true being would make? Well a wickedness is an case where you gave in to your desires. An Ideal homo would neer make that. Any case where you put appetite before wisdom are all covered within the 10 commandments. Therefore the thought of? wickedness? is sound. Then comes the separation of a veniel wickedness and mortal wickedness. One might believe that the separation is God go throughing opinion on you. Passing opinion on person to populate everlastingly in snake pit would harm them. It would do the Judgement shaper unjust and less baronial. Therefore an boundlessly wise being, God, would non make this. He doesn? T do this. The separation is non a passing of opinion. God makes regulations and Lashkar-e-Taibas you choose your way. If you chose one that would set down you in snake pit, so God will give you the chance to atone and clean your psyche of that mortal wickedness. Evidence besides shows that you may perpetrate as many Venial wickednesss as you want. He does non utilize a balance graduated table to find you redemption. Which proves that it is in no manner go throughing opinion. Many may still reason, why is Catholosism prophesying? concluding opinion by the male parent? . If you examine the term Judgement, it means to do a determination or organize an sentiment. Since God is all knowing, he need non do determinations or sentiment since he knows all that is truth. Therefore, neither wo uld it be Just or possible for God for base on balls Judgement. Judgement, as stated in Catholosism, is used for deficiency of better term. The existent definition is? looking into your psyche to happen truth. ? That truth will find whether you go to hell or heaven. Then comes the inquiry of, why is faith necessarry. It is non nesarely necessary. An nescient homo who was neer given a opportunity to take religion is non excluded from Eden. The 1s without religion who are excluded are the 1s who consciously chose non to set their religion in God, but instead to set their religion in something else or nil at all. That all follows what is Just, hence Salvation as Catholics translate the Bible follows. Another belief is that of Purgatory. Purgatory happens when you have no mortal wickednesss, but your psyche must be cleaned of Venial wickedness before you may confront God in Eden. In The Republic, a differentiation was made between harming person and aching person, being that harming makes one less baronial and pain may do one more baronial. A being who is Just being would neer make injury. Purgatory is an illustration of injury without injury because it cleans the psyche of every case of wickedness. Therefore Purgatory would be one of the supreme Acts of the Apostless of Justice. Following I will analyze Jesus, the boy of God. It would be logical for the boy of an infinite being to be an ideal homo. An ideal homo would perpetrate no wickedness and commit no unfairness. Or, he would neer give in to his appetencies when logically it would be unwise. Jesus neer committed a wickedness, and did good plants and carried out what was Just. Jesus was that Ideal homo. Since Jesus was human, finally he would hold to decease. Which happened when they crucified him on the cross. He died on the wickednesss of the Jews who were existent worlds ( non-Ideal ) . They gave in to their appetencies when logically there was no ground for his executing. You can infer that they committed a wickedness when they killed him. Jesus died for our wickednesss. It would non be difficult to turn out the executing of Jesus because of the kept records from that clip. I will now take myself off the particular topic of God and put a focal point on Jesus. A strong cogent evidence may be made non merely on God, but on Catholosism as a whole. Harmonizing to Bible, Jesus stated that whatever his 12 aposoles preached would be as if he preached it himself. They were the laminitiss of Catholosism with Peter, one of the 12, taking caput as the Pope. Through the old ages, Catholosism has non changed in their ideals and beliefs as the other faiths have. They stuck with whatever the original 12 have said. And it is logical to cognize every bit good that ideals besides neer alteration. If the popular belief on an issue has changed, it wouldn? Ts make sense to alter the ideal every bit good. It would be a false belief of logic to conform merely because of a bulk. In decision, I have non found any defects in logic within the bible? s description of God. All his traits and procedures of redemption mirror that of what an space and true being would be and utilize. Along with this, I was able to, unpurposely, accomplish two other things. One was create or place a method for confuting any godly Bible. Simply put, if a prophesier makes a description of God, but that description does non follow logically into what an space and true being is, so the description is incorrect. Therefore, anything else that prophesier has written may fall into inquiry and he may be defined a false prophesier. I have found none such instance and a cogent evidence that I will neer happen such a instance has non been presented to me. The 2nd thing that was unpurposally accomplished was a strong statement taking toward the overall truthfulness of Catholosism. The Catholic Ideals follow logically what is God, and the boy of God. It didn? t alteration with any popular thought of a clip. Any alteration in ideal that did happen was deemed unfair and changed back. It besides didn? t sprout out of no where merely because one did non hold with an ideal. What I have presented was a strong statement that should give Catholosism a logical border over others, and do it a logitions faith.

Gender and Theology Essays

Gender and Theology Essays Gender and Theology Essay Gender and Theology Essay Gender Theology Name: Institution: Gender Theology : 1. Traditional complimentarian views on marriage are biblical. Such roles gain emphasis with respect to the roles designated to both men and women especially in the Creation Account. The Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood points out that the establishment of Adam’s headship gained verification even before the Fall (van Leeuwen, 2013). Such views also receive depiction in the roles that women played without mention including Sarah, Rebekkah and Hagar who demonstrated the submissive responsibilities of women in the Bible. 2. To an extent, traditional Christian perspectives on marital roles are indeed problematic. The contention arises from the roles assigned to both man and woman in the Creation Account as well as Jesus and Paul’s directives within the New Testament (Sparks, 2012). Traditionalists see the husband as the head and the wife as being submissive, while egalitarians argue that the Creation Account does not define the role of the woman as a submissive role but rather grants equal partnership (George, 2009). 3. Abandoning conventional marital roles diminishes the unity embodied when both man and woman unite to become one. As directed by Jesus, even though the husband embodies male headship, he is to love his wife as Christ loves the church. When the roles are overturned, the consequences arising affect the social and marital lives of the partners and society as a whole. Straying from such norms only leads to an abandonment of the practices common to marriage and various social problems especially divorce, rebellion and neglect of the family. 4. Rubio is neither egalitarian nor complimentarian, as she underlines the problems of marriage from both perspectives. Rubio focuses on the observance of the conventional marital views, and the advocates for equality in marriage in order to facilitate discipleship among families in and out of the church (Rubio, 2003). On a personal assessment, Rubio only focuses on the development of the family irrespective of complimentarian and egalitarian views. 5. Rubio’s emphasis on children and parenting focuses mainly on the family. According to Rubio, conventional views on marriage suppress the working woman’s role in the family as a mother since such views sustain hierarchy in marriage (Rubio, 2003; Spencer, 2009). In summary of the contention surrounding complimentarism and egalitarianism, it is truly evident to ask this; is it necessary to inculcate feminist and patriarchal debates even within the Bible? References George, Janet. Still side by side: A concise explanation of Biblical equality. Minneapolis: Christians for Biblical Equality, 2009. Print. Rubio, Julie H. A Christian theology of marriage and family. New York: Paulist Press, 2003. Print. Sparks, K. L. Sacred word, broken word. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2013. Print. Spencer, Ai?da B. Marriage at the crossroads: Couples in conversation about discipleship, gender roles, decision-making, and intimacy. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2009. Print. van Leeuwen, M. S. (2004). Is equal regard in the Bible? In D. Blankenhorn, D.S. Browning M. S. van Leeuwen (Eds.), Does Christianity teach male headship? The equal-regard marriage and its critics (pp.13-22). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Discuss the various theories that might help explain a person's Essay

Discuss the various theories that might help explain a person's attraction to and an involvement in the subcultures of outlaw motorcycle gangs - Essay Example Further, resistance to the social hierarchy motivated most of these people to participate to the motorcycle gang. This theory holds that these motorcycle clubs offers a platform for a person with high propensity for criminal activity to unite to form a group in order to run businesses of different levels of sophistication. A person can also be attracted to these groups because of social isolation (Hayes, 2011). Social isolation makes a person pay more attention to the underworld. Motorcycle subculture groups incorporate their lives in ways that makes a person to exercise spontaneous and planned criminal activities. In addition, a person can be attracted to outlaw motorcycle gangs because they perceive a different sense of belonging within these gangs. This might be something they have been lacking in their entire life; therefore, they decide to get involved with these gangs in order to fulfill that desire or need. The other theory is the queer ladder of mobility, which asserts that a person attracted to the outlaw motorcycle gangs with the aim to create wealth and gain

I am awesome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I am awesome - Essay Example Awesome managers listen to the staff since they offer insights on how to run the property better. I always share what I know with my staff not only to foster a sense of empowerment but also to make my job easier. Teaching is part of my job as I equip my staff with knowledge and skills that they can use to perform their job without constant supervision. Having regular collaboration sessions with my staff gives me a well of ideas on areas to improve in including customer satisfaction. Dedicating some little time a day to read industry news keeps me abreast with the current affairs and emerging trends in the industry (Daum, 2010). I always ask for help since I cannot pretend that I know everything. Even though everybody expects me to handle virtually everything that comes my way, I have limitations just like any other human being. I do not get embarrassed to admit not knowing an issue if confronted, and this helps me to get help from my staff. I am liberal and welcome criticisms. Instead of being defensive, I take criticism as a stepping-stone to get better at the job. I also motivate my staff and challenge them to achieve bigger. I give credit where it is due and goes an extra mile to know my staff at personal levels. I don’t micromanage my staff and always have the organization’s interest at

Social Problems Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Problems - Coursework Example Hence, it is critically significant to minimize or eradicate the seeming inevitable social problems in order to have healthy societies. Alcoholism is a social problem that has deleterious effects on the abuser, the close family, and the wider community (Zimberg, 2013). It is thus important to manage alcohol abuse at local levels in order to avoid undesirable ramifications. Creating awareness about the dangers of alcoholism at the societal level is a significant step towards eradicating the social problem. Typically, educational campaigns and seminars can equip the society with skills to prevent or moderate their drinking behavior. Abstinence from alcohol can be a challenging endeavor, but it does not involve any risks (Lessa & Gilbert, 2009). Thus, educating the community on the significance of avoiding alcohol can save the society from the social problem. It is crucial for the alcohol drinkers to set realistic targets for alcohol use and keep an honest record of their drinking habits. Similarly, collaborating with the policymakers and local government to establish rehabilitation centers can yield good results towar ds instilling behavioral changes on the alcohol abusers. Additionally, controlled drinking support groups can assist the drinkers to moderate their drinking habits and regain

Movie Analysis Of Walt Disneys Enchanted Film Studies Essay

Movie Analysis Of Walt Disneys Enchanted Film Studies Essay A film from Walt Disney pictures, Enchanted, is a fantasy musical film starring Amy Adams, Patrick Dempsey, James Marsden, Timothy Spall, Idina Menzel, Rachel Covey and Susan Sarandon. It is directed by Kevin Lima and written by Billy Kelly. Enchanted garnered two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three nominations at the 80th Academy Awards. The film earned more than $340 million worldwide at the box office.1 The movie starts with a storybook showing the story in the magical kingdom of Andalasia. There is an evil queen named Narissa (Susan Sarandon) who tries to prevent her step son from marrying a maiden in fear that she will lose her throne. On the other hand, there is a girl named Giselle (Amy Adams), who hopes that a prince will come for her and share true loves kiss. Still, no matter how hard the evil queen prevents the prince from ever meeting a maiden, Prince Edward (James Marsden) still meets Giselle when he heard her singing True Loves Kiss. They fell in love at first sight and decided to marry each other. On the day of their wedding, an old lady showed up and said that she has a wedding gift for Giselle. But, it is a trap set by the evil queen. The queen pushed Giselle into the well which led her to Earth, a place which the queen called as a place where there is no happily ever afters. The comical character of Giselle became a real lady in the real world. She comes out of a manhole and, knowing nothing about the real world, is surprised with what she saw. She tries to find help on how to go back to Andalasia but ended up getting her tiara stolen by an old guy. She walks until she finds a billboard with the picture of a palace which she thought was a real one. On the way home after work of Robert Philip (Patrick Dempsey) with her daughter Morgan (Rachel Covey), Morgan told her dad that there is a princess in the castle and goes out of the cab. Giselle falls down from the billboard and fortunately Robert caught him. Seeing that Giselle had no place to stay, Robert let Giselle stay in th eir home for the night. In search for Giselle, Prince Edward goes into the real world, together with the chipmunk Pip. They also came out of the manhole which made people wonder where they are coming from. Waking up in the morning and seeing how messy the place was, Giselle called her animal friends and they cleaned the house together. Nancy (Idina Menzel) who is Roberts fianceeà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ saw Giselle in his home and she got mad at him. Queen Narissa sent Nathaniel to search for Prince Edward to prevent him from finding Giselle. Nathaniel met the Prince and Pip tried to say to the Prince what the Queen plans to do to Giselle but the Prince could not understand it because the chipmunk cannot talk on earth. In the meantime, Robert came with Giselle to their office. They went for a stroll in the park where Nathaniel gave Giselle a poisonous apple which she luckily did not get a chance to eat. Giselle asked Robert how Nancy knows he loves her. Giselle started singing a song which Prince Edward has luckily heard. Giselle sent Nancy a heart-shaped flowers with doves to help Robert in expressing his love for Nancy. On a restaurant where Giselle and Robert ate, Nathaniel, in an attempt to poison Giselle, gave her a poisonous drink. When she was about to drink it, Pip kicks the glass and successfully told Giselle that Prince Edward is there too. Nathaniel saw Pip so it hid under the pizza which Nathaniel threw in the fire. It made the news that Pip was still alive. Giselle was interviewed in the television where Prince Edward saw him. Prince Edward went to that place and searched for Giselle. By this time, Giselle and Robert have fallen in love with each other but they just could not admit it since they both have lovers. In the morning, the Prince met Giselle and they are both glad to see each other again. Prince Edward and Giselle went on a date so she has to say goodbye to Robert and Morgan. But Giselle went back because she has to go to the ball. Morgan helped her buy clothes with the help of her daddys credit card. Queen Narissa could not accept that Prince Edward and Giselle are together again so she followed to the real world. At the ball, she showed up as an old lady and gave Giselle an apple which made Giselle fall asleep with just one bite. Prince Edward kissed Giselle to try to wake her up, but she did not. When Robert kissed Giselle, she woke up which means that Robert is her true love. Queen Narissa turned into a dragon and fought with Giselle but Queen Narissa fell and was burned in fire. The film ends with each page of the storybook telling what happened to each character in the story at the end. Prince Edward and Nancy went back to Andalasia and got married. Nathaniel has been a well-known writer in the real world while Pip has been a well-known writer in Andalasia. Robert, Giselle and Morgan became a happy family in the real world. The excellent acting skills of the actors and actresses in the movie made it possible for the movie to win awards. Amy Adams showed how good she is not only in acting but also in singing. James Marsden also did a good job in portraying a prince, who also sings. Though Patrick Dempseys role did not require him to sing, he still did well in acting. Almost all of the casts gave justice to their roles. For the editing, I can say that it was perfect. The scene where there are even cockroaches and rats helping Giselle do the cleaning was edited nicely. Also, the transition from the fairytale to the real world was blameless. The effects used in the scene where the Dragon, Narissa, falls down the building while burning with fire and disappears magically was superbly done. I liked the costume designs of the characters especially Amy Adams and James Marsdens which shows real prince and princess outfit. The background music chosen for each scene was very appropriate. When the fight scene at the top of the castle was shown, the background music added a lot to the atmosphere of the said scene. Since this is a musical film, there has to be production numbers. I can say that they have allotted so much time in practicing for the major production number for the song Thats How You Know since we can see how coordinated everyone is and how perfect their movements are. It was a colorful one. There are old couples, brides and grooms, and even construction workers dancing too. The melody was good and was made even better by the beat of the drums and the voice of Amy Adams. There are also humorous scenes injected in the movie. One can laugh at the scene of Prince Edward when he asks the television like it was a mirror to tell him where the place Giselle was and the reporter actually said the location then Prince Edward thanked the television. Another is when Giselle made a dress out of the curtains which left a trace of the outline of the dress. Overall, I can say that I really liked this movie for it combines fairytale, which everyone has liked in their childhood, and the real world where we are. I also loved all the songs played in this movie.

Imagery in The Jungle :: Upton Sinclair

The scenes that I encountered when reading about the meat packaging industry in the early 1900's were very graphic. Some images were more graphic than others. The first scene that comes to mind when I think about the passage "The Jungle" was the huge iron wheel with pigs on it. This scene sticks out in my mind because I can almost see the pigs squealing as they are ripped away by their feet up higher and higher into the air. I can also see the massive "river" of hogs awaiting their turn to be chained up by the burly Negro. Another scene that is easy to describe is the scene where the "knockers" struck the cows on the head with a sledge hammer. In this scene all I can imagine is worn out man who has swung a sledge all day. This man would have to be worn out in a couple of years due to the physical demand. The next scene im going to describe is the scene in the steaming room. This is probably one of the most disgusting scenes in the entire text. Knowing all the germs that could poss ibly be there and the fact that there was new germs brought in every hour. The odor those men had to have worked in would have been gut wrenching. The bubbly creek was the part of the Chicago river into which all the blood, lard, hair, and any other possible thing that came off of a pig or cow was swept into. The idea that a man came along and collected the film that formed on the top and sold it as "pure lard" is appalling. And to think that unsuspecting families purchased the waste and then cooked with it. One of the jobs the men in the factory could apply for was the "knocker." This was the man who would knock out the cows before they were slid out of the "killing bed." Another job there was in the factory was the "butcher" this guy was the one who was to bleed out the cow. The way in which he did this was to make one swift stroke to the cow. After which the cow was hung to bleed out. The "headsman" was one of the other jobs men had in the factory. It was his job to make two or three swift strikes to the neck and severe the head in the fastest manner possible.

New Product Launch Marketing Plan Essay

Audi LED headlights Audi is a top of the line luxury car manufacturing company who plans to achieve goals and provide consumers with one of kind products. Audi has decided to create a new LED head light with spot detection capabilities to assist with consumer safety while driving in the city, as well as down country roads. Audi has assessed the need for their new product and has found that the new LED headlights with spot detection would be great for the consumer as well as the company sales. Through past research by Audis team we have found that several accidents within the United stated States occurred due to poor head lights or blinding head lights. Though Audis current venture is geared towards consumer’s with families who travel at least 100 miles a week, their game plan is to incorporate this light into all vehicles. We will address the areas of target population, product position against the competitions, as well as each stage of the product life cycle and our expansion of product offerings. Audi focuses on people (Idea Connection, 2014). This new innovation of LED head lights will do just that; focus on people. Audi will utilize the family and let them be the guide behind the quality and performance of this new offering (Idea Connection, 2014). Target market profile At Audi, we came up with this new headlight technology that is designed to make night driving safer. The target market for our product is composed of couples with children under the age of 15. Among these families, the focus will be on those who drive SUVs’, Minivans and Sedans. The target audience will be based around those parents who drive their kids to extracurricular activities like piano lessons or soccer, and who live either deep in the  country or outside of the city. One submarket will be those who live within the city and like to travel outside the city. These headlights are best suited for people who drive over 100 miles a day. In terms of income, we will target individuals with a college degree who make more than one hundred thousand dollars per year. Our product will also aim at corporations who offer company vehicle for their senior executives. Key buying behaviors Three factors influence consumers buying behaviors, those factors are cultural, social and personal (Kotler & Keller, 2012). In terms of culture, individuals during the course of their life will be influenced by family, friends, neighbors, and others. Our consumers are individuals whose family members are accustomed to luxury cars, preferably Audis’. Cultural factors influencing buying behavior in terms of culture are also social classes. Our consumers will be individuals belonging to the upper class of society. For these individuals owning a luxury car with the latest technology is a statement. On the social level of consumers buying behaviors, our target market will be influenced by factors such as reference groups, family, and social roles and statuses (Kotler & Keller, 2012). Our consumers will be influenced by family members, for instance a mother will most likely want her children to ride safely in a minivan, or SUV. A businessman will buy an Audi sedan because it is a luxury car and it tell others what social class he belongs to. Our target consumers are influenced by membership groups. One example is an individual who buys a luxury car to blend in with others in hos social circle who also own luxury cars. â€Å"Personal characteristics that influence a buyer’s decision include age and stage in the life cycle, occupation and economic circumstances, personality and self- concept, and lifestyle and values.† (Kotler &Keller, 2012, p.155). Our consumers will be men and women, 30 years old or older. The target customers are also educated and very thoughtful as they carefully weigh the benefits of purchasing such a product (Rao, 2014). We believe that as mothers and wives, our consumers will be focused on safety. There have been a lot of plane crashes lately, because of that more and more people decide to drive instead of fly. Corporations will be concerned with profit. Corporations will see great benefit in Audi as it relates to the new LED head lights. The thought of safety will both save the company money, attract eager and loyal employees,  as well as give a strong impression on both competitors and new clients. Decision motivators for consumer/organizational target markets The primary decision motivators for buying the new headlights on the Audi car are the enhanced safety features of the product. Since the primary feature of the new headlights leads to secure driving, it will appeal to almost all consumers. On the other hand, the organizational target markets will entail the demographics of the urban areas. Geographic target markets will target the individuals who live in the urban areas that have developed infrastructures (Novak, De Leeuw & MacEvoy, 2011). Product life-cycle (PLC) LED headlights continue to develop short and long-term strategies in the product life-cycle. The first of four stages is the introduction into the market; customer-value hierarchy is vital during the introduction stage, which identifies the core benefit of the product and creates a detailed description of the basic product. The augmented product value stage must surpass the customer yearning for safety and technology. In addition, marketers will incorporate future potential product growth. The product design can be incorporated into any Audi vehicle during the manufacturing process. The LED headlight will be an upgrade option, and pricing will be slightly higher than Audis without the LED headlight. A strong customer-value hierarchy strategy will enhance product promotion, and the place to launch the LED headlight will be a joint effort with Audi Automotive. During the initial growth phase, pricing will remain slightly higher than Audis without the LED headlight. Based on the lesson learned during the introduction of the LED headlight, the customer-value hierarchy strategy will adjust to meet customer expectations. Product promotion will continue to expand into new markets. The maturity phase begins when the LED headlight implementation reaches market equilibrium; pricing will remain the same during this phase. If the product continues to exceed customer-value hierarchy strategy, the product promotion will continue with the addition of customer and law enforcement reviews. Research and development continues to improve the LED headlight technology. The decline phase begins when market followers enter the market; pricing will then be slightly reduced in an attempt to slow the rate of decline. Product promotion will then be redirected to the new and improved LED headlight. Promotions and places to  launch the new product will be nationwide rather than regional launches during the introduction phase. Product mix A Product Mix is referred to as â€Å"the complete range of products produced by a company.† (http://businesscasestudies.co.u). That being said, Audi plans to unleash its new LED headlights in all of its product lines, which will appeal to the varying types of drivers who have a plethora of different needs and wants in a luxury vehicle. Audi produces a multitude of options for consumers to choose from. These products include 13 sedan options that range from $29,900 to $137,900, six SUV/Crossover/Wagon options that span from $32,500-$51,900, six Coupe options ranging from $40,000-$115,900, and seven Convertible options that span from $35,600-$129,400. (http://www.audiusa.com). With 32 available products that can be altered to match the driver’s particular style, the LED headlight is poised to grant the ultimate driving experience. â€Å"Audi revolutionized vehicle lighting with the first full-LED headlamps in 2008.† (http://www.audileds.com). Audi responded to the automobile industry’s need to change how vehicle headlights affect road conditions for all drivers. Audi continues to enhance its LED design, which is sure to darken its competitors’ vision of the future of automobile driving experience and further differentiating itself by not only enhancing driving conditions, but will be made available in a variety of options. â€Å"Only one square millimeter in size and offered on every vehicle in the lineup, LEDs have opened up an array of styling opportunities for Audi designers.† (http://www.audileds.com). Audi adds that â€Å"these little marvels can be combined to create infinite shapes and arrangements, giving each vehicle a look that’s distinct yet unmistakably Audi.† (http://www.audileds.com). Positioning statement â€Å"For you that spend hours behind the wheel, Audi is one in its luxury class that provides not just the looks of a high end vehicle but the safest lighting for safe traveling. Unlike traditional vehicles Audi provides a combination of class, luxury, and the safest selection to keep you and loved ones safe†. Audi is not only committed to provide its consumers with top  notch service but it has also taken measures to separate itself from the competition. Audi is improving all of its vehicles by providing â€Å"LED lighting† on all its vehicles as part of its standard package. Audi’s positioning statement carries words such as â€Å"luxury, safe, traveling, family† which will always come to mind for those searching for a vehicle to purchase. Audi’s statement is targeting families, those that travel a lot, those that enjoy the luxury of a vehicle but at the same time want to keep themselves and loved ones safe. The consumers spoke and Audi listened. Their position statement is meaningful, important, and convincing to its customers, not just to the company. The Audi brand will deliver on this promise and continue to earn the trust and respect from consumers. References Anonymous. Staying ahead by meeting changing consumer needs. Business Case Studies: A Heinz case study. Retrieved August 2, 2014 from http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/heinz /staying-ahead-by-meeting-changing-consumer-needs/the-product-mix.html#axzz39FCRkOTR Defeat Darkness. LED technology:The vision of LED;View the LED experience. Retrieved August 2, 2014 from http://www.audileds.com/ Idea connection (2014). Audi looks to the future of car production. http://www.ideaconnection.com/open-innovation-success/Audi-Looks-to-the-Future-of-Car-Production-00392.html Retrieved August 1, 2014 Kotler, P., & Keller, K. (2012). Marketing Management (14th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Models. Retrieved August 2, 2014 from http://www.audiusa.com/models# Novak, T. P., DeLeeuw, J., & MacEvoy, B. (2011). Richness curves for evaluating market segmentation. Department of Statistics, UCLA.

Case Study on D.I.a Baggage Handling System Essay

According to the initial plan, the project was to span from 1989 to 1993 and cost $1.7 billion. The opening of the airport was delayed four times due to problems with the baggage handling system. Overall 16 long months and a final cost of $4.5 billion. Several factors contributed to this fiasco, ranging from deficient scheduling, simple and untested technology, complexity of the systems and requirements that changed throughout the project itself. Let us take a look back at why Denver International Airport would take on such a project. The vision was to implement the largest automated baggage handling system the world had seen and allows Denver International Airport to be hailed as the air transportation hub, the largest in the United States with a capacity to handle more than 50 million passengers annually. The airport was to replace the Stapleton International Airport, a facility that had experienced serious congestion issues. Of course in order to handle that kind of capacity part of this plan involved implementing an automated baggage handling system, this was the critical piece of the plan. This report discusses the difficulties encountered as a direct result of a poor project plan, communication and implementation. Analyses have been done by many groups regarding this debacle and the failures itself are examples that are used to show the improper project management that was used. First, let us briefly discuss what tried to be accomplished. The Denver International Airport wanted to introduce a baggage system that when operational would rely on a network of computers (approx. 300) to route the bags and then approximately 4000 auto-cars to drive the luggage on a 21-mile track, completely autonomous. There were to be laser scanners used to read bar codes on luggage with tags and that would route them to the correct terminal or location. Sounds simple enough however BAE was the company that would try to bring this all to reality and would be one of the largest airports built in the United States since 1974. United Airlines was one of the main drivers and reasons for the push for a high-speed automated baggage system (http://www5.in.tum.de/~huckle/schloh_DIA.pdf). This was all requested and scoped early in the planning phase. Now prior to deciding how to proceed the officials had thought each airline would develop its own systems, but this failed to occur so the Airport looked into purchasing a system to handle all terminals baggage. The scope of such a project would not find traditional methods as those were too investigated. A man named Frank Kwapniewski, would be the site project manager â€Å"lucky† enough to call this project his â€Å"baby†. BAE had more than twenty some programmers working undistracted for two years to write software to handle all the automated needs of luggage, the engineers, which took just as long in their initial efforts of development. The initial design’s failures were inconsistency, so BAE sought to reduce such confusion and mishap, and wanted to understand the complex nature, however even a more scrutinous view would have foreshadowed the mishap of making such a large system functionally. Richard de Neufville stated in an excerpt from his book that the theoretical studies, models and reports regarding the automated baggage system at Denver were avoidable and should never be repeated (Neufville). BAE’s design flaws of complexity and the effects thereafter were a result of improper project planning and scope. The complexity of what it would take to operate and control automated machinery was never addressed or fully tested prior to implementation. Even after work ended when it was turned on and expected to work as intended, Denver officials were surprised at how poor it performed even enough to turn off the system. Let us take a moment to look at how complex this system truly was and how BAE design and planning failed to gain a glimpse of what it would take to operate such a daunting task. An empty cart is called and needs to go from one track to another, albeit simple sounding, this type of activity would have had to take place over a thousand times a minute under normal operating conditions. Since there were differences or variances in demand for empty carts throughout the airport, empty ones must continually switch direction, change tracks or completely change to another loop in the circuit. This is a logistics nightmare as one can imagine on such scale, so many variables to account for and they must do it error free. This was not using modern technology but even still it would have had to been almost instant decision making on again an error free basis. Typical systems with around 10k function points are cancelled approximately 65 percent of the time (capers Jones). In Denver, though the system’s workload hindered the network terribly to around 4000 tele-cars or auto-cars. These 1994 computers were tracking so many cars that several times a minute they mis-t racked just simply due to timing limitations. The planning of such a system was again originally contracted by United in 1991 to build, however after several years into it, BAE was concerned that the city of Denver still had not contracted for a baggage system. Sadly, the baggage system was nothing more than an afterthought of the design of the airport, AFTER construction began, let me make sure you understand that AFTER construction had begun and only then did the details surrounding the baggage handling system start to begin. This of course caused major problems due to limitations of resources that were not allocated properly which would contain the baggage system’s tracks and other components. The system then was made to fit in the underground tunnels and space available, not designed. These auto-carts had sharp turns now to make which again was not part of any plan. The schedule that BAE or timetable rather that they had set for the grand opening was not remotely realistic and as all good projects should do, have taken into consideration any potential issues along the way. BAE officials were even quoted as stating â€Å"We knew that was not long enough and we said so. It is a job that ought to take twice as long† (Why Technology Projects Fail). They knew but accepted the timetable of 4 years when they knew it should take 7 to 8 years for such a task. Denver Aviation Director James C DeLong even stated they just misjudged the timeline completely. The project as most will when unrealistic deadlines are given will continue to fall behind more and more, which then calls for more rapid work, longer hours which can lead, as the case here, to human error since the training and testing period were almost non-existent to meet the make-believe deadline. One of the other common misnomers in this project was the frequency and number of changes to its requirements, not a refining of them, but completely adding new functionality along the way. When the company BAE, took on the task, unrealistic as this sounds they took it on with anticipating no changes at all. As soon as work began though, Denver officials began changing plans and timetables without consulting either the airlines or BAE. Sadly, when changes were made to one piece of the system, the ramifications they made to other pieces was not clearly understood or the system as a whole. Again to reduce costs and save time, it was decided to remove an entire loop of track, from one of the concourses, this saved them 20 million, keep that figure in mind as later the system as a whole would cost them much more in the months after being deployed. Other such changes were made to save money, such as relocation of stations and addition of middle sub floor for baggage platforms that they referred to as the mezzanine baggage platform. Another airline also demanded the request for large baggage link. As the project matured, prior to implementation its scope size and complexity, along with design changed which increased the systems difficulties on a technical level that would continually deter progress. BAE then later chooses to decentralize all of the tracking and sorting computers, all these changes to scope should have led to review of alternate or contingency planning or delayed launch dates. However due to the shortened development and testing timetable, on the fly changes which should have required major pushback from core team members were â€Å"duct-taped† as I like to refer to it. One of the directors of engineering for the DIA, stated that BAE should have paid more attention to the programming issues early enough in the design phase. Lack of system testing, what I have I continuously stated all semester long about system testing and end-user testing, as a project manager most would agree, more than 75% of all IS projects are hampered by quality issue and 1 percent which are completed on time. I see reasons behind such statistics is not enough testing. I would advise any IT PMP to read ePMbook which is an online e-book regarding scope and project control, as was the case here a project that started out to be huge, got even bigger and eventually spiraled out of control. The ePM Book will has an excellent section that the BAE, airline and Denver City officials should have read prior to beginning step 2 of the project. They should have implemented any change coming through a request known now as a Change Request form. These forms are used to control the project’s scope and allow for the Project Lead, along with the core team, which requests can and will be made part of the original project and which can be sla ted as next phase or next step after implementation. It almost sounds as if this project never had a Change Control Process (CCP) whatsoever, if it did whoever was in charge of such did a horrible job, this CCP should exist throughout a project. It allows for requests to acknowledged in a timely fashion within a phase, and most important to determine impact in the planning for the next phase. This as stated on the site can be easier than de-railing the entire project due to shortening length of next step phases in the project path due to scope creep. Airlines kept changing the requirements, which resulted in numerous issues. One of the major reasons the whole thing went awry stems from BAE, the company that designed the system had previously implemented a similar system in Germany. The IT infrastructure was inadequate and design was not meant for such a large scale as that at the DIA. Well sadly it was not just a lesson for the DIA, BAE and Denver, but the taxpayers also ended up with a $1 million PER DAY cost, totaling $500 million by the end of the whole ordeal. Remember that 22 million they saved, good thing huh. Now let us think about how more time spent in analysis and design phase, let alone a Change control process, saved Colorado taxpayers millions of dollars. Since every project has a set of deliverables, assigned budget and expected closure time, there are agreed upon requirements and tasks to complete prior to the closure of a project. These constitute a project’s scope. The PMBoK clearly speaks to creeping scope and defines it adding features and functionality without addressing the effects on TIME, COST, and RESOURCES or without customer approval (PMBOK Version 4). References A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide) (4th ed.).(2008). Newtown Square, Pa.: Project Management Institute. Brooks, F.P. (1995). The mythical man month: Essays on software engineering. (Anniversary Ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. JOHNSON, K. (2005, August 27). Denver Airport Saw the Future. It Didn’t Work. – New York Times. The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. From http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/27/national/27denver.html?pagewanted=al lchloh_DIA.pdf Neufville, R., & Odoni, A. R. (2003). Airport systems: planning design, and management. New York: McGraw-Hill. New Denver Airport: Impact of the Delayed Baggage System — GAO/RCED-95-35BR. (n.d.). RITA | National Transportation Library. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/rc9535br.html Scope & Change Control. (n.d.). Project Management and Program Management – The FREE ePMbook by Simon Wallace. Retrieved December 2, 2012, from http://www.epmbook.com/scope.htm Wiegers, K. (2003). Software Requirements (Second ed.). Redmond: Microsoft Press. Why Technology Projects Fail. (n.d.). Calleam Consulting – LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012, from http://www5.in.tum.de/~huckle/DIABaggage.pdf

A Profile of the Bonnethead Shark

A Profile of the Bonnethead Shark The bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo), also known as the bonnet shark, bonnet nose shark, and shovelhead shark is one of nine species of hammerhead sharks. These sharks all have a unique hammer or shovel-shaped heads. The bonnethead has a shovel-shaped head with a smooth edge. The head shape of the bonnethead may help it more easily find prey. A 2009 study found that bonnethead sharks have a nearly 360-degree vision and excellent depth perception. These are social sharks that are most often found in groups numbering from 3 up to 15 sharks. More About the Bonnethead Shark Bonnethead sharks are about 2 feet long on average and grow to a maximum length of about 5 feet. Females typically are larger than males. Bonnetheads have a grayish-brown or gray back that often has dark spots and a white underside. These sharks need to swim continuously to supply fresh oxygen to their gills. Classifying the Bonnethead Shark The following is the scientific classification of the bonnethead shark: Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: GnathostomataSuperclass: PiscesClass: ElasmobranchiiSubclass: NeoselachiiInfraclass: SelachiiSuperorder: GaleomorphiOrder: CarcharhiniformesFamily: SphyrnidaeGenus: SphyrnaSpecies: tiburo Habitat and Distribution Bonnethead sharks are found in subtropical waters in the Western Atlantic Ocean from South Carolina to Brazil, in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico and in the Eastern Pacific Ocean from southern California to Ecuador. They live in shallow bays and estuaries. Bonnethead sharks prefer water temperatures over 70  F and make seasonal migrations to warmer waters during the winter months. During these trips, they may travel in large groups of thousands of sharks. As an example of their travels, in the U.S. they are found off the Carolinas and Georgia in the summer, and further south off Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico during the spring, fall and winter. How the Sharks Feed Bonnethead sharks eat primarily crustaceans (especially blue crabs), but will also eat small fish, bivalves, and cephalopods. Bonnetheads feed mostly in the daytime. They swim slowly toward their prey, and then quickly attack the prey, and crush it with their teeth. These sharks have a unique two-phase jaw closing. Instead of biting their prey and stopping once their jaw is closed, bonnetheads continue to bite their prey during their second phase of jaw closing. This increases their ability to specialize in hard prey, like crabs. After their prey is crushed, it is suctioned into the sharks esophagus. Shark Reproduction Bonnethead sharks are found in groups organized by gender as spawning season approaches. These sharks are viviparous... meaning that they give birth to live young in shallow waters after a 4- to 5-month gestation period, which is the shortest known for all sharks. The embryos are nourished by a yolk sac placenta (a yolk sac attached to the mothers uterine wall). During development inside the mother, the uterus becomes separated into compartments that house each embryo and its yolk sac. There are 4 to 16 pups born in each litter. The pups are about 1 foot long and weigh about half a pound when born. Shark Attacks Bonnethead sharks are considered harmless to humans. Conserving Sharks Bonnethead sharks are listed as least concern by the IUCN Red List, which says that they have one of highest population growth rates calculated for sharks and that despite fishing, the species is abundant. These sharks may be caught for display in aquariums and used for human consumption and for making fishmeal. References and Further Information Bester, Cathleen. Bonnethead. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed July 4, 2012.Cortà ©s, E. 2005. Sphyrna tiburo. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. Accessed July 3, 2012.Carpenter, K.E. Sphyrna tiburo: Bonnethead. Accessed July 4, 2012.Compagno, L., Dando, M. and S. Fowler. 2005. Sharks of the World. Princeton University Press.Krupa, D. 2002. Why the Hammerhead Sharks Head is In the Shape Its In. American Physiological Society. Accessed June 30, 2012.Viegas, J. 2009. Scalloped Hammerhead and Bonnethead Sharks have 360 Degree Vision. Accessed June 30, 2012.Wilga, C. D. and Motta, P. J. 2000. Durophagy in Sharks: Feeding Mechanics of the Hammerhead Sphyrna tiburo. The Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 2781–2796.

Customers Revenge Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Customers Revenge - Case Study Example I will not define Atida as a customer-centric company. They view customer’s complaints as a means to extort from the company by unreasonable customers. This is very evident with how they handled the complaints of Tom and Jessica. It is very disturbing that after a strong letter from loyal customer (Tom Zacharelli) was sent to the company threatening with negative publicity and a lawsuit, Lisa instead replied that â€Å"It’s not a legal problem . . . They say this customer can certainly hire a lawyer, but once customers understand how much pursuing the legal option will cost, they almost always see things differently. They take their loss, and they move on.† And statements such as â€Å"our only obligation is to ï ¬  x the car and nothing more† and sticking to a policy â€Å"for handling this stuff, one we’ve been following for decades†. Deducing from these statements, Atida thinks that they are just a manufacturing company where they just b uild cars and abandon their customers when they ask for customer service support. When customers complaint and call them, they look at it as a bother and not an opportunity to engage with their customers. This was very evident with Lisa’s mindset that their job is to get rid their phone lines with customers not realizing that getting rid their call centers of customers calling them do not mean that they have solve the customer’s problems. Second, I will revise the company employees’ mindset about customers. To achieve this, I will implement a company-wide reorientation and training about customer service for the company’s culture to change to a more service oriented one. I will introduce a service culture where each employee in the company will strive to satisfy the customers instead of getting rid of them. Lisa will be trained first and other managers will follow. I will recall the call center in India and put it back in the US. Customer service for an automobile

Marketing research insurance program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing research insurance program - Essay Example The research aims at assessing the potential of proposed insurance program by garnering data from the target audience. The research approach and data collection methods would further highlight the research objective. Primary research method has been favored to achieve the objective of the research as it would offer current information and understanding. Research Approach The research is based on offering a new and innovative insurance program to elder people who find it difficult to manage their finances and time. As per the current Elder Shield plan, insured people would get $300 per month for a maximum period of 5 years and $400 for a maximum period of 6 years. The new insurance program would offer the same benefits along with wide arrays of physical and mental activities that would offer great results in the short as well as in the long run. Moreover, for each referral, there would be certain rewards and awards that would further motivate and influence people to insure their life and health along with spreading the message in a positive manner. There is no denying that elder people are more prone to injuries and health issues and thus this insurance plan would try to help them regain their health through physical and mental activities. This can also be considered as a noble cause by taking care of the elder people along with making their life exci ting and problem free. As per the statistics of the United States Department of Labor, around 20% of the retirement income is attributed to health expenses that can be considered as quite high (United States Department of Labor, 2011). Moreover, basic Elder Shield Plan offers $300 per month for a maximum period of five years that can be considered as good enough to meet health demands. This insurance plan would help in engaging retired people in physical activities like golf and Taichi along with few mental activities like chess and emotional intelligence games. This insurance plan would also help in saving more money as people who are healthy and fit tend to spend less on health problems. This statement can only be considered as a valid one once views and opinions of the respondents confirm it. However, there is no denying that garnering personal opinions and offering wide arrays of information to the respondents would help in achieving the research objectives in a desired manner. Research Design Research design plays an important role in achieving desired results pertaining to the research. Research designs are classified as explanatory, descriptive and casual with distinctive features. Explanatory design is useful in analysing secondary data as it determines the hypotheses that can be tested. Descriptive design is based on primary data collection methods favoring quantitative analysis. It also examines the association and relationship with wide arrays of variables. In this particular research paper, descriptive and explanatory designs have been preferred as explanatory design helped in examining the hypotheses through secondary data and information while descriptive design would help in understanding the utility of introducing new and innovative insurance plan for retired people. There is no denying that descriptive design is time consuming and often a cumbersome task but the validity and reliability of

Animal in research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal in research - Essay Example Prior approval from Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is mandatory before using animals for such purposes. An estimated 100-200 million non-human animals are used and decimated annually through out the world in universities, medical colleges, research institutes, defense and public health establishments, commercial and pharmaceutical companies etc. Non-human animal testing is conducted chiefly for basic research, applied research and toxicology or safety testing. The proponents of animal testing argue that animals have a significant role in research that can benefit both animals and humans. Major development in medicine and science has been possible through such researches. Animals such as mice was used for development of the drug penicillin(awarded with Nobel prize), dogs for organ transplantation as well as Pavlov's experimentation, mice and monkey's for the vaccine poliomyelitis etc. The very edifice of morality and ethics is based on the principle that humans are unique and distinct from non-human and so they can utilize animals for their benefit. It is also a moral duty to elevate the misery of both animals and humans by researching developing medical science and science in general. Since non-human animals are less developed they are not so sensitive to pain and suffering.

Logistics and Supply Chain Essay Example for Free

Logistics and Supply Chain Essay Supply Chain Management Review introduces a new series called â€Å"Back to Basics. † It’s a look into how excellence in the core logistics and supply chain activities leads to overall business success. The articles in this seven-part series are written by educators from the University of Tennessee. Pictured: Wendy L. Tate, Assistant Professor of Logistics, Department of Marketing and Logistics, University of Tennessee. By Wendy L. Tate, Assistant Professor of Logistics, Department of Marketing and Logistics, University of Tennessee October 21, 2010  Globalization, increased competition, fluctuating availability of raw materials and pricing conditions have increased the need for better management of the suppliers who provide goods and services to the organization. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the cost of purchased materials is approximately 54% of the value of shipments for manufacturers. Also, the cost of services that organizations purchase is continuing to increase as firms try to focus on what they do best. More emphasis is being placed on spend management and on those that are responsible for locating and managing the suppliers that provide the materials and services needed to meet customer expectations. Sourcing and procurement are generally responsible for this task. A focus on spend management is not new to the purchasing area. But the increasing magnitude of requested reductions is driving purchasing departments to think creatively about ways to more strategically manage the supply base and continue to drive unnecessary costs from everyday purchases. The task of sourcing and procurement professionals is to find an effective means to balance the demands of both internal and external customers with economic considerations while taking into account the potential for supply disruption and technological change. The challenge is to establish both the philosophy and practice of an integrated supply system as part of the firm’s strategic positioning. Strategic purchasing involves finding ways to use supplier capabilities to drive sales, leverage the purchasing spend to achieve and/or maintain competitive advantage, and use the supply market to strengthen the company’s strategic position. Historically, purchasing has been overlooked as a strategic contributor and instead viewed as more of a tactical function with a largely internal focus. The tendency of even the most seasoned buyers has been to react to problems rather than proactively incorporate the strategic focus needed to support the current operating environment. The primary focus of procurement is to support the firm’s operational requirements by ensuring uninterrupted flow of the appropriate quality materials, products, and services. However, purchasers must do so in the most efficient and effective manner, in light of limited resources. The key for sourcing managers is to minimize risk to the organization. To minimize vulnerabilities in supply and make the most of the organization’s buying power, purchasers should assess and segment purchased materials, services, and components in terms of importance to the organization and difficulty in accessing the materials. This segmentation process allows purchasers to take a more strategic perspective on the management of the supplies and the supply base while applying more appropriate cost management tools and negotiation strategies. Using the segmentation system developed by Kraljic (1983) as a foundation, four major categories emerge (see Figure 1). Noncritical (low importance, low supply risk), leverage (high importance, low supply risk), strategic (high importance, high supply risk), and bottleneck (low importance, high supply risk). Each of the categories requires a distinctive and strategic purchasing approach. Each of these classifications will be described in the paragraphs below. In the case of non-critical, or generic purchases, the focus is on finding the lowest possible purchase price from a field of many suppliers. For these types of items, there are low switching costs allowing for easy â€Å"supplier hopping†. Typical procurement approaches to these types of purchases include the use of purchasing cards (p-cards) and short-term contracts. Relationships with the suppliers of these types of products are often arms-length and transactional. Office supplies and paper purchases typically fall into this category. Buyers use competitive bidding, price indices, price lists and catalogs to facilitate the buying process. The suppliers of these types of materials and services understand that low price and ease of purchase are key to retaining buyers. Staples, for example, introduced the â€Å"Easy Button†. Buyers that are in the market for office supplies can download software directly to their computer, shop from on-line catalogs, and use their p-cards to streamline the purchases of these generic items. Many suppliers are capable of providing the products and services that fall into the leverage category; these are the more â€Å"commodity-type† items. These types of products and services have a great importance to the organization in terms of volume purchased, percentage of total purchase cost, or impact on product quality or business growth. The purchasing decision for these items is generally based on consolidation, leveraging volumes is key to success. Some approaches used to leverage volume include supply base reduction and reverse auctions. The idea is to combine the requirements of different operating units and capitalize on supplier fixed cost allocation and improved productivity. The following example makes the point. A technology company had multiple business units all with individuals responsible for the purchase of customer contact center services. Through informal discussions about the performance of the suppliers of these services, the heads of the business units discovered that some were using the same suppliers, but being charged different rates and there were multiple suppliers providing almost identical services across the organization. The purchasing area was called in to help better manage the purchase of these services. They followed a typical sourcing process (see Figure 2) and put these services out for bid to both existing and new suppliers. The final pool of suppliers included fewer suppliers, volumes were leveraged, the price that was being paid ultimately fell, and the relationship with the suppliers improved. The company instituted a single point of contact for the suppliers and an end-to-end procure to pay management process (Ellram and Tate, 2004). The strategic items have more complexity and risk involved in the purchase often because of limited availability or fewer suppliers with the technical capabilities to provide the goods or services. These are the items that are the most critical for the organization to obtain to ensure success and meet the demand for products. There is much more collaboration and integration between the buying and supplying firm with a focus on continuous improvement. Buying firms often enter into long term, cost-based contracts with the suppliers of these items and may in fact engage the suppliers early in the process of new product development. Buyers look to these suppliers for innovation and cost reduction ideas. Ford and Mobil for example entered into a broad based trategic alliance to speed the development and integration of break-through fuel and vehicle technologies (Dieselnet, 1998). The intent of these strategic alliances is to help strengthen collaboration, and develop a sustainable business model. Bottleneck items, or items that are more project oriented or unique, have a high level of supply market complexity. These types of purchases often consume a disproportionate amount of time, relative to the item’s value. The focus for purchasing is to simplify the procurement of these items, or if possible get it out of this quadrant and into the leverage or strategic quadrants. Companies buying products or services that fall in the category could participate in buying consortiums to better leverage the spend and minimize the associated risk. For example, a utility company was paying a significant amount of money to audit their suppliers. A number of their competitors were using the same suppliers and spending the same money for the audits. These companies agreed to hire a third party to perform the audits, thus consolidating the spend and simplifying the purchase. Another company was procuring project-based environmental services. Each project required the buyer to closely manage the supplier to ensure that each step in the process was completed in a timely and accurate fashion and that payments were made as promised. There were many of these projects occurring simultaneously with different suppliers. One supplier became an â€Å"expert† in this area allowing the buying firm to assign the supplier more projects, thus increasing the level of importance and moving it to the strategic category. Successful managers today require a broad view of the procurement and sourcing areas and the strategic role that this function can play in an integrated supply chain. Organizations need to take a long-term perspective, avoiding the low price sourcing temptation without considering the total cost and the total value provided by the function and its relationship to the supply base. Purchasing needs to strategically manage its supplies and its supply base. The first step in doing this is to understand what is being purchased, the importance of the purchase to the organization, and the complexity of the supply market. The goal is to ensure that the supplies that are purchased add value to the customer’s that ultimately buy our goods and services.