Super Resolution Mapping To Determine Shoreline Position Environmental Sciences Essay

Coastal zone and shoreline monitoring is an of import undertaking in sustainable development and environmental protection. For coastal zone monitoring, shoreline extraction in different times is a cardinal work. Features of H2O, flora and dirt make the usage of the images that contain seeable and infrared sets widely used for coastline function Conventionally, photogrammetric technique is employed to map the tide-coordinated shoreline from the aerial exposure that are taken when the H2O degree reaches the coveted degree. On site study taken at these H2O degrees are more expensive to obtain than distant feeling imagination. With the development of distant feeling engineering, orbiters can capture high-resolution imagination with the capableness of bring forthing shoreline place. In recent old ages, satellite remote feeling information has been used in automatic or semi- automatic shoreline extraction and function. Braud and Feng ( 1998 ) evaluated threshold degree slice and multi-spectral image categorization techniques for sensing and word picture of the Louisiana shoreline from 30 m spacial declaration Landsat Thematic Mapper ( TM ) imagination. They found that thresholding TM Band 5 was the most dependable methodological analysis. Frazier and Page ( 2000 ) quantitatively analyzed the categorization truth of H2O organic structure sensing and word picture from Landsat TM informations in the Wagga part in Australia. Their experiments indicated that the denseness slice of TM Band 5 achieved an overall truth of 96.9 per centum, which is every bit successful as the 6-band maximal likeliness categorization. Besides multi-spectral orbiter imagination, SAR imagination has besides been used to pull out shorelines at assorted geographic locations ( Niedermeier, et A l. 2000 ; Schw & A ; auml ; bisch et Al. 2001 ) . While the really all right spacial declaration detectors ( e.g. IKONOS ) offers increased spacial declaration, the imagination from such systems is frequently inappropriate for many users, peculiarly if a big country is to be mapped ( Mumby and Edwards, 2002 ) . Therefore, if constrained to utilize fine-to-moderate spacial declaration ( 0.10 m ) imagination, there is a desire to map the water line at a subpixel graduated table. In such state of affairss the purpose is, hence, to deduce a map that depicts the characteristic of involvement at a graduated table finer than the informations set from which it was derived, which may be achieved through a super-resolution analysis ( Tatem et al. 2001, Verhoeye and De Wulf 2002 ) . 3.2 Test site The work focused on a 38 kilometer stretch of along a seashore off the North West Cape in the north west seashore of Western Australia ( Figure 3.1 ) . The shoreline was characterized by different beaches such as flaxen beaches, muddy and drop and facing to the Exmouth Gulf in the Indian Ocean. Exmouth Gulf is really shallow, with an mean deepness of about 10 m and northerly confronting drowned river vale in northwest Australia reverse estuarine embayment on the northwest shelf of Australia. The tidal scope is less than 2 m and varies little between neap and spring tides. The Exmouth part is exposed to preponderantly south to southeasterly air currents throughout the twelvemonth ( Bureau of Meteorology, 1988 ; Lough, J.M. , 1998. Coastal clime of northwest Australia and comparings with the Great Barrier Reef: 1960 to 1992. Coral Reefs 17, pp. 351-367. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus ( 10 ) Lough, 1998 ) . During spring and summer by and large moderate ( 21-30 kilometers per hour ) southward winds dominate, and fall and winter records show by and large lighter ( 11-20 kilometers per hour ) air current velocities with fluctuations between the dominant sou'-east air current and north to northeast air currents. The air current government is controlled chiefly by the interplay of the southeasterly trade air current system and the west coast-generated sea zephyr, in concurrence with a local sea zephyr developed within the Gulf. australia1-edit.JPG Figure 3.1: Location of shoreline trial site ( shaded ) and selected as had scope of morphologies in a survey country. 3.3 Data sets The survey used a series of harsh spacial declaration National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) images over survey site to bring forth a ace declaration image. For this survey, the shoreline was defined as the place of the boundary between H2O and land at the clip satellite imagery acquisition. The NOAA series of orbiters which each carry the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer ( AVHRR ) detector. These detectors collect planetary information on a day-to-day footing for a assortment of land, ocean, and atmospheric applications. Specific applications include forest fire sensing, flora analysis, weather analysis and prediction, climate research and anticipation, planetary sea surface temperature measurings, ocean kineticss research and hunt and deliverance ( CCRS, 1998 ) . 3.3.1 AVHRR detector features AVHRR informations set is comprised of informations collected by the AVHRR detector and held in the archives of the Geoscience Australia. Carried aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration`s ( NOAA ) Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite series, the AVHRR detector is a broad-band, 4- or 5-channel scanning radiometer, feeling in the seeable, near-infrared, in-between infrared and thermic infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. It provides planetary on board aggregation of informations over a 2399 kilometer swath. The detector orbits the Earth 14 times each twenty-four hours from an height of 833 kilometer. In this survey, NOAA images acquired from Geoscience Australia and NOAA antenna in Alice Springs permits acquisition of twenty-four hours and night-time base on ballss. There are usually about two day-time base on ballss per orbiter and two night-time base on ballss per orbiter. The detector parametric quantities as shown Table 3.1. Merely informations acqui red in Channel 2 ( 0.725 – 1.00 Â µm ) was used for this survey because land H2O boundaries clearly seen on the image. Table 3.2 shows an AVHRR Spectral Characteristics. Table 3.1: Spacecraft Parameters Swath breadth 2399km Resolution at low-water mark 1.1km approx. Altitude 833km Quantization 10 spot Orbit type Sun synchronal Number of orbits per twenty-four hours 14.1 ( approx. ) Table 3.2: AVHRR Spectral Characteristics Channel No. Wavelength Typical usage NOAA-15, 16, 17, 18 ( Â µm ) 1 0.58 – 0.68 Daytime cloud and surface function 2 0.725 – 1.00 Land-water boundaries 3 N/A Night cloud function, sea surface temperature 3A 1.58 – 1.64 Snow and ice sensing 3B 3.55 – 3.93 Night cloud function, sea surface temperature 4 10.30 – 11.30 Night cloud function, sea surface temperature 5 11.50 – 12.50 Sea surface temperature 3.3.2 Reference Data Landsat TM information of the North West Cape, Australia was acquired on 24 August 2007 with a spacial declaration 30 m ( Figure 3.2 ) . The Landsat way was 115 and WRS Row 075 were geometrically corrected and georeferenced to WGS 84 ( universe co-ordinate system ) .o Georeference imagination is defined imagination which has been corrected to take geometric mistakes and transformed to a map projection. Georeferenced image rectification can take one of the two signifiers, systematic and preciseness. Systematic rectification involves utilizing orbital theoretical accounts of the orbiter plus telemetry informations to happen the approximate relationship between the image and the map coordinates. Precision rectification uses land control points to register the image to absolute geographical co-ordinates. In other words, in a geo-referenced image the pels and lines are non aligned to the map projection grid geo-referenced image the pels and lines are non aligned to the map projection grid . A Landsat 5 TM scene has an instantaneous field of position ( IFOV ) of 30 m by 30 m ( 900 square metres ) in bands 1 through 5 and band 7, and an IFOV of 120 m by 120 m ( 14,400 square metres ) on the land in set 6. Merely band 4 ( 0.76 – 0.90 Â µm ) was used for delineate a shoreline. landsat1.JPG Figure 3.2: Landsat 5 TM informations over study country. Acquired day of the month: 24 August 2007 3.4 Method In the context of ace declaration techniques, it is assumed that several harsh spacial images can be combined into a individual all right spacial image to increase the spacial declaration content. The harsh spacial images can non all be indistinguishable and there must be some fluctuation between them, such as translational gesture analogue to the image plane ( most common ) , some other type of gesture ( rotary motion, traveling off or toward the camera ) , or different screening angles. In general, ace declaration can be broken down into two wide parts: I ) enrollment of the alterations between the harsh spacial images, and two ) Restoration, or synthesis, of the harsh spacial images into a all right spacial image ; this is a conceptual categorization merely, as sometimes the two stairss are performed at the same time. In this survey, the aim is to bring forth all right spacial declaration image from multiple harsh declaration images. Fine spacial declaration image has been applied with object designation methods which may build with regard to image enrollment and super-resolution building. All parametric quantities are used iteratively and do object designation secured from mistake response and been processed in hardiness, accurate and preciseness manner. 3.4.1. Image Registration Image enrollment is the procedure of covering two or more images of the same scene taken at different times, from different point of views or by different detectors. Image enrollment is a important measure in all image analysis undertakings in which the concluding information is gained from the combination of assorted informations beginnings like in image merger. Image enrollment consists of following four measure ; characteristic sensing, characteristic matching, transform theoretical account appraisal and image resampling and transmutation. i. Geometric Registration The geometric deformations present in airborne remotely perceived images may be categorized into system-independent and system-dependent deformations. The system independent deformations are caused by the gesture of the detector and by surface alleviation. Figure 3.3 shows on instance of images which are related by a planar projective transmutation or alleged planar homography. There are two different state of affairss where ( a ) images of a plane viewed under arbitrary camera gesture and ( B ) image of an arbitrary 3D scene viewed by a camera revolving about its ocular Centre or zooming. Figure 3.3: Two imaging scenarios for which the image-to-image correspondence is captured by a planar homography ( Capel and Zimmerman, 2003 ) Under a planar homography, points are mapped as: ten ‘ = Hx, where ten ‘ correspondence point of mention points x in other image and H is a 9 transmutations projection. The different of planar homography based on transmutation matrix attack below: or equivalently ; ( 3.1 ) ten ‘ = Hx The tantamount non-homogeneous relationship is ( 3.2 ) The scenario depicts in which homography will happen when a freely traveling camera views a really distant scene, such instance in airborne remote sansing ( Forte and Jones, 1999 ) . ( two ) Photometric Registration Photometric enrollment refers to the process by which planetary photometric transmutations between images are estimated. This enrollment traveling to use a theoretical account which allows for an affine transmutation ( contrast and brightness ) per RGB shows below. 3.3formula3.GIF Where, r1, g1, b1 are RGB channel in image 1 while r2, g2, b2 indicate RGB channel in image 2. Matrix A is used to calculate the remainder of brightness and contrast ? . Image enrollment of homography image concludes in Figure 3.4, last two stairss iterate until the figure of itelaration is stable. method.GIF Figure 3.4: Procedure to gauge a homography between two images. In order to deduce ace declaration image utilizing multiple series of low declaration images, all images need to register at the same time and corrections may easy implemented. Block bundle accommodation traveling to be considered as the best calculator to calculate all braces of back-to-back frames in the input sequence. Parameters such as interlingual renditions, rotary motions, graduated table, contrast and brightness, characteristic base enrollment, RANSAC ( RANdom SAmple Consensus ) and fiting could be done at the same time in every image brace. Generative image formation theoretical account is the best image formation algorithms which may see geometric transmutation of n images, point spread map which uniting effects of optical fuzz and gesture fuzz, down-sampling operator by a factor S where trying rate traveling to be entree, scalar light parametric quantities and observation noise. This theoretical account is generalized as follows: formula4.GIF f = mulct spacial declaration image gn = nth observed harsh spacial declaration image ?n = geometric transmutation of n-th image H = point dispersed map sv = down-sampling operator by a factor S ?n, ?n = scalar light parametric quantities ?n = observation noise 3.5 Hard categorization To distinguish between land and H2O organic structure a difficult classifier was applied to the fake coarse spacial declaration orbiter detector imagination. The maximal likeliness difficult classifier used to sort the harsh spacial declaration imagination ( NOAA AVHRR ) . The same preparation sites used in sorting the all right spacial declaration image ( cite informations ) were used ( Figure 4.5 ) . Using these developing sets the 20 m imagination was classified to 2 categories ( land and H2O ) . The resulting image ( Figure 3.7 ) would subsequently be analysed to find the positional mistake between the predicted shoreline location and the existent location based on the land informations. densitynooa.jpg ( a ) densitylandsat.jpg ( B ) Figure 3.5: ( a ) 1100 m spacial declaration and ( B ) 30 thousand spacial declaration classified imagination 3.7 Soft Categorization Difficult categorization techniques have been popular in distant feeling but they merely assign one category to a certain pel ( Jensen, 1996 ) . As shoreline pels normally contain a mixture of land and H2O categories, information within a pel is lost. A major job for accurate reading of distant feeling informations is related to the fact that pels may incorporate more than 2 categories which would merely be realised from land activities ( Foody, 1992. To turn to this job research workers have developed methods to deduce estimations of the sub-pixel category composing through the usage of techniques such as mixture modeling and soft or fuzzed categorizations ( Foody, 1996 ) . Soft classifiers allow pels to hold variable grades of rank to multiple categories. Soft classifiers assign a rank class between 0 and 1 to each category in a pel. This allows a pel to be associated to multiple categories instead than merely to one category as in conventional difficult classifiers. The end product of the soft categorization for each pel was an indicant of the comparative rank to the two categories and, in the country where rank was greatly assorted, this was taken as an estimation of the relative screen of the constituent categories ( figure 3 ) . noaa.jpglegend.GIF Figure 3.6: End product of soft categorization. The gray graduated table indicates the grade of rank to the land category. 3.8 Super declaration Maping The water line was mapped from the ace declaration image generate from the series of harsh spacial declaration image.. The same preparation sites were used in all the categorizations. As a benchmark, a conventional difficult categorization was used to foretell the water line from the fake image. The water line was fitted to the derived end product of this categorization by weaving it between pels allocated to the different categories. sr.JPG ( a ) density_sr.JPG ( B ) sr.JPG ( degree Celsius ) Figure 3.7: Ace declaration technique ( a ) individual image ( B ) difficult categorization of ace declaration image ( degree Celsius ) water line word picture. 3.tif ( a ) 5.tif ( B ) 12a.tif ( degree Celsius ) 15a.tif ( vitamin D ) 20.tif ( vitamin E ) 20.tif ( degree Fahrenheit ) Figure 3.8: End product of ace declaration technique ( a ) 3 images ( B ) 5 images ( degree Celsius ) 12 images ( vitamin D ) 15 images ( vitamin E ) 30 images ( degree Fahrenheit ) 50 images. 3.8 Positional Error Analysis End product from a difficult and soft categorization produces images with pels values stand foring the proportion of a certain category within pels. But it does non bespeak where within a pel these categories are located. To turn to this job, methods of administering the proportion within each pel to different categories were explored. The truth of shoreline maps generated at each spacial declaration from application of the difficult categorization, soft categorization and ace declaration method from multiple images were analysed for survey country ( Figure 3.1 ) . For each infusion and coarse-spatial declaration image, the truth of the shoreline anticipation derived was determined by comparing the to the Landsat 5 TM informations for every meter of the shoreline ( Table 3.3 ) The positional truth along the 38km length of shoreline in each infusion is shown in Table 3.3: Positional truth of the each method. Method Hard Classification Soft Categorization Super Resolution RMSE ( m ) 72.2 m 32.1 m 1 image: 14.8 m 3 Images: 7.21 m 5 Images: 6.25 m 12 Images: 5.33 m 15 Images: 5.17 m 30 Images: 5.08 m 50 Images: 8.07 Measure RSME ( m )

Mr and Mrs Martins Short Text Theme

An idea that was worth learning about in The Silk by Joy Cowley was eternal love. The writer showed us this idea through Mr and Mrs Blackie's traits and the symbolism of the silk and bridge. While an idea worth learning about in Mr and Mrs Martins by Edla van Steen is how the couple face death. The writer shows us this idea through Mr Martins character and the symbolism of the incomplete gravestone. Eternal love is an idea worth learning about as it shows us their love for each other. The writer shows us this by Mr and Mrs Blackie's relationship. As â€Å"days and nights† pass, Mr Blackie is falling more ill as he settles â€Å"into bed as gently as dust†, showing his physical weakness. Mrs Blackie is aware of this so her caring trait helps try to make him as comfortable as possible with pillows or how she filled the hot water bottle to keep him warm. Then she decides to create his laying out pyjamas as a last gift and memory with him. She shows her love for him by how he is going to do â€Å"every stitch†¦ by hand†. Mr Blackie also shows his love as he wants to spend their last moments together so he asks her to â€Å"do it in here† (making the pyjamas in their bedroom). From this we feel hopeful that in the near future we will find a special someone that cares for you and vice versa. As I have known some peers that only has one person giving in to the relationship. The idea of eternal love is also shown by the symbolism of the blue silk from China and its bridge image on it. The couple have been together for fifty-odd years and are still very much in love as they both want to spend their last moments together. The silk is used as a symbol to represent their marriage, love and bond they have in the present time. But Mrs Blackie is unsure of what their love will become after Mr Blackie passes. After she decides to create the silk pyjamas, they have to cut it and â€Å"together they feel the pain as the blades met cleanly† as they realised that the silk and their relationship will â€Å"never again be the same†. After Mr Blackie dies Mrs Blackie griefs over the fact that â€Å"he didn't say goodbye† . Then she sees the man on the bridge â€Å"waving. Or perhaps beckoning to her† and realises that he did say goodbye and that the link or bond is still there. She comes to realise that their love can transcend death and become eternal love. This makes the reader feel envious of their life long relationship as many relationships in the present day aren't lasting very long. Also how they have a mutual understanding where no words are needed because they such a tight and special bond between them. Facing death is an idea worth learning about as different people deal with death differently. The writer shows us this idea through Mr Martin's decision to keep on living separately due to Mr and Mrs Martins traits. Mr Martin has the dominant trait while Mrs Martin is submissive, which allows Mr Martin to make the decision while Mrs Martins just allows him even she does not want to. He made this decision due to the love he has for his wife and he believes that most men die first, so he wants her to â€Å"prepare for living alone† without him. We see that Mrs Martins is being the peacemaker as she doesn't want to live separately but respects his wishes and chooses not to argue as she will â€Å"wait for another opportunity† to tell him. From this we feel very frustrated that Mr Martin is ignoring what his own wife wants as most people should spend their last moments together happily, not alone and all depressed. Yet we also get the reason for Mr Martins decision as it can be painful when all of a suddenly your loved one dies and your all alone. This helps Mrs Martins through as she learns to depend on herself as some widows nowadays struggle to live alone. Another reason why facing death is an idea worth learning about as not only do they live separately they have also made a gravestone for themselves already. The writer uses this gravestone as a symbolism to represent how the incomplete dates show anticipation towards death and also their union of marriage in life and death. It represents the decision and unspoken pact that the couple have made. The symbolism is shown consistenly through the story with words like â€Å"slab†, â€Å"tomb† and â€Å"her sepluchre†. It also shows how they believe that this is the end for them, there is nothing after death. From this we feel confused at how they can make a gravestone for themselves even though they are both very healthy and alive. But we feel sad at the fact that they have no children, so no one will be visiting them. It makes the reader think of what we as children need to do for our parents in the far away future. Eternal love and facing death are both ideas worth learning about as we get to learn about lifelong love with that special person or the hardships when dealing with death. The writers shows us these ideas are worth learning about through the main character's traits and symbolism of silk, bridge and gravestone.

Andromache’s Lament as an important element of the “Iliad”

Andromache’s Lament as an important element of the â€Å"Iliad† Andromache, one of the few female characters in the Iliad, is part of perhaps one of the tenderest sections of Iliad. Along with Helen, she is the only other mortal woman to have any substantial speaking lines in the entire epic. Unlike women in general in the Iliad, Andromaches role goes beyond being just another spoil of the war. Homer treats her as a counterpart to Hektor(she is, in a sense, his equal), giving her actions and words a greater significance. Andromaches lament (Book 22, lines 437-515) is particularly powerful because Homer effectively uses literary techniques here that bring out audience empathy. In the Iliad, Andromaches lament is a poignant, intense passage that serves as a characterization of Andromache, providing the reader with a further understanding of Hektor, Trojan life, and the impact of the Trojan War. Andromaches lament emphasizes the impact of the Trojan War on life at home and on the family. The Iliad focuses on Achilleus, Hektor, and other heroes in a war-like atmosphere; Andromache provides a contrast to this setting. Through their behavior, the male characters embody war, aggression, and honor, while Andromache becomes the representative for peace, love, and family. Andromaches lament acutely portrays the sense of despair, loss, and sadness that comes with the war. Here, Homers use of an emotive tone serves to highlight the sense of tragedy in a way that the audience could relate to. That is, Homer chooses to use diction evocative of the helplessness of a child, such as boy, baby, child, cheeks, tug, tiny, and soft bed. Andromache does not center her speech on only Hektors death or the immediate events of the war. Instead, she concentrates much of the passage on her dismal predictions about her son, Astyanaxs, life without a father. By focusing on Astyanax, Homer reminds the audience of the bigger picture of the Trojan War and the impact of war on all people, not just the impact on the protagonists of the story. Andromaches speech sheds light not only on the effects of war, but also on the relationship between Andromache and Hektor. The love between Andromache and Hektor is very powerful, and the depth of their bond gives the reader a sense of strength and integrity in Andromache and Hector. Because of the way Homer portrays Andromaches relationship with Hektor, Andromaches reaction to Hektors death generates audience empathy. Andromaches rampart scene with Hektor in book 6 provides the audience with prior knowledge about Hektor and Andromaches relationship. Consequently, Andromaches lament becomes all the more powerful and touching. We see these emotions via the imagery used to portray Andromache running out of the house like a raving woman with pulsing heart (Book 22, line460-461). When Andromache learns of Hektors death, she too dies: Homer uses the phrase the darkness of night misted over the eyes of Andromache (Book 22, line 466), which parallels the phrase used to describe death throug hout Iliad, the dark mist gathered around him (Book 20, line 417). In addition, the use of a morbid and rancid tone illustrates the great loss of Hektor. Andromache talks of writhing worms and dogs that will feed on Hektors naked corpse (Book 22, line 509-510); all of which convey a miserable picture of Hektors plight. As much as Andromache is a reflection of Hektor, she is also a representation of Troy itself. With the loss of Hektor, Andromaches world shatters. This shattering in turn foreshadows Troys downfall. [she]threw from her head the shining gear that ordered her headdress, the diadem and the cap(Book 22, line 468-470) The veil in ancient Greece is a symbol of husband and wife. By ripping off the veil, Andromache symbolically throws away her marriage with Hektor. With this comes the loss of her chastity, forewarning the raping and pillaging of both Troy and its women. In addition, Andromaches sons name is Astyanax, which means lord of the city. If Astyanax is a representation of Troy, then others will take his [Troys] lands (Book 22, line 489), and that he [Troy] will bow his head before every man (Book 22, line 491). Andromache represents all of the aforementioned because she, like Helen, is an observer in the epic. Even her location within the text, on the wall (Book 22, line 463) when she sees that Hektor is dead, shows this view from the outside. In the beginning of the passage, Andromache has not watched the duel like everyone else. Instead, she is weaving a web (Book 22, line 440). Thrice she gives speeches in the Iliad, all of which serve as insight into the mindset of the collective people during the time, as opposed to just what the main characters are thinking. Thus, Andromaches lament is one of the key passages of the Iliad that provides insight into life within the Trojan War.

Component-based development Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Component-based development - Term Paper Example I have had an interest in computer science ever since I was young and this interest has never faded to-date. So far I have successfully completed by Bachelor and Master Degree in Computer Science, with a bias in software engineering, earning first class honors in each case. I have also managed to successfully complete several projects including conducting an analysis of a new social network, website design and designing of software using UML 2.0. Having had practical experience in various work environments, I feel that I need to acquire more knowledge so as to gain the capacity to solve some of the complex problems that different organizations face with respect to software design and engineering. It is for this very reason that I decided to undertake a PhD related to computer science. I am most interested in Component-Based Software (CBD) engineering. My interest in CBD follows my appreciation of the fact that software is getting more and more complex, and the need for safety, reliab ility and scalability is true in the marketplace. With CBD, I am confident that I will be able to solve complex software issues for an organization at affordably and therefore to the organization’s advantage.

Influence of Third Party Candidates on the Outcome of the 2008 Essay

Influence of Third Party Candidates on the Outcome of the 2008 Presidential Election - Essay Example In fact, the third party was likely to get on a ticket to winning, since numerous citizens were seeking a change in ways that the government is run; thus the third party was becoming more attractive to the current "two party" system (Abramowitz, 594). Moreover, the current stagnant political atmosphere was objecting progress due to two leading parties, which spend time bickering and seeking ways to oppose each other within their own party as evidenced in the primary campaigns. Therefore, the "two party" system has differences with substantial consequences on Precedential elections. Moreover, the control maintained by the Republicans and Democrats has established an environment, where voters have little choices to select. Nevertheless, the paper will discuss the influence of third party candidate on the outcome of 2008 presidential elections. There has been frustrations expressed Americans in relations to the US political systems, which is protecting two main parties and eliminating t he chance at the third way. Therefore, if 2008 presidential race were severely disrupted by the third party candidate, then Barrack Obama would not have won the presidential elections (Scotto, Clarke, Kornberg, Reifler, Sanders, Stewart and Whiteley, 545). On the other hand, there were campaigns of Cecilia Garza, which was an independent from Texas; Bob Barr, who was a Libertarian impeaching former president Bill Clinton, Ruth Bryant, who is a Christian minister from Nevada, Steven Hoefflin, who was a celebrity plastic surgeon humanitarian and inventor, and Ralph Nader were third party candidates in the 2008 presidential elections. However, in 2008, there were a lot of media coverage of Democrats and Republicans, thus making it difficult to remember alternative candidate from third party exists. Therefore, the third parties gave the voters a chance to think beyond the boundaries imposed by the media and the "two-party" system. Therefore, the third party had an influence of the race, since it made the content high competitive in a way that the candidate with the ability to change 800,000 voters was not able to determine the outcome of the election. Nevertheless, there were challenges related to running as a presidential candidate as a third party candidate, since there is no support by the political system or the mainstream media. A candidate like Dr. Hoefflin with brilliant ideas for altering politics and rectifying embedded problems in the U.S was not given a chance by media (Clem, Dodson and Nikole, 518). The media refused to pay attention at Dr. Hoefflin’s ideas concerning the changes on U.S politics, thus the frustrated voices of Americans who were supporting the third party made the media pay attention to their issues through the internet. However, the American economy was deteriorating; the dollar was losing value against other main currencies, while China’s shadow is weakening the leadership in U.S, in the world. Approvals made by Presiden t Bush are considered the worst in the history, since two thirds of the American populations believed that the Iraq war was a mistake. Therefore, the third party candidates were focused on changing the course, but the Americans and media could not pay attention to their ideas. The political situation has always been dominated by the Republicans and Democrats; thus, they have left diminutive room for change, but the third party offered norms, whereby each party was able to choose against opposition. It also facilitated disillusions that focused on independent learning for Americans who were fed up with the "two party" systems. In this way, the Republicans and Democrats seemed not to be taking their stand in their issues; instead, they made declarations in

The Pros and Cons of the No Child Left Behind Act Essay

The Pros and Cons of the No Child Left Behind Act - Essay Example Yet, along with the greater emphasis put on student performance has come nationwide accountability and the unethical measures that school districts have implemented to meet the new federal guidelines. The NCLB Act was designed primarily to aid poor, minority, and immigrant students by implementing testing standards and assuring no child was falling through the cracks and being left behind. To support this effort, the bill appropriated $650 million to be used by the states to instruct English language learners. This was a 50% increase in funding for these efforts over previous years (Crawford). In an era when education funding has suffered from so many cutbacks, the additional funding was a decided benefit for schools, especially with high immigrant populations. However, the new formula used to distribute the money resulted in the least populated states, such as North Dakota and Alaska, receiving a reduction in funding. This has resulted in fewer English Learner programs for Native Americans that are enrolled in public schools in these states (Crawford). The NCLB Act requires that all students be tested at regular intervals to measure their progress in Math and English. School district funding and administrative control are dependent on acceptable results of this testing. This approach is well intentioned and can benefit the student by holding the schools accountable to their purpose, teaching the students. While the results of this testing have been unimpressive for the general student population, it has benefited students in the lower grades that are enrolled in an English Language Learner program (National Center for Educational Statistics). While forcing the schools to produce results, especially among the most challenged students, the Act has also had unintended consequences in this area. Because school funding is based on these results, districts have been anxious to exploit loopholes that may exempt many students from the testing requirements. During the most recent reporting period it was reported that the scores of two mill ion students were omitted due to technicalities. These were the poorest performing students and it can be inferred that they were minority and immigrant students, the ones that NCLB was written to protect. (Bass, Dixon, and Feller). The NCLB has given the education system uniform guidelines and standards that can be used to compare our past performance and gauge the success of our schools. It helps to identify which programs work and which ones fail. The goal of testing all students fairly is a great advantage if implemented correctly. However, when school funding, bonuses, and school control depend on the results of these tests, it becomes known as High Stakes Testing. Teachers are put in a position to "teach the test" at the expense of other equally important material. Measuring student progress may become meaningless under the current guidelines as Armein and Berliner report, "... the harder teachers work to directly prepare students for a high-stakes test, the less likely the test will be valid for the purposes it was intended". It has also been reported that Latino students have been encouraged to drop out of school to avoid taking the test in a school's effort to raise overall test

Philippines 1800+ (or if befor it's ok) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philippines 1800+ (or if befor it's ok) - Essay Example This prestigious status granted to the upper class was known as the encomienda, and they would organize the natives to makeup a soldier battalion for the king, which would in turn be used to fight against other subsequent invaders such as the Dutch and the Britons. However, those granted this state misused it, and eventually the system of governance was abolished by 1700, with an introduction of the administrative provinces, which were then administered by the provincial governors, selected amongst the colonists (Meyer, 33). The church also played a major role in the administration of the colony, through managing the sentiments of the inhabitants, and the powers of the church leaders, also referred to as the friars, were even greater than those of the governor responsible for governing an administrative province. The major characteristic of the Spanish governance in the colony was the establishment of a plaza in every city, which formed the administrative center, where the government , the church and the market area were located, while the residential areas then surrounded the administrative center (Burrell, 112). ... Taxation was a requirement for the residents of the colony, who had to pay a tribute that consisted of the tax to the government and a certain percentage as tithe to the church. Forced labor was the other aspect that was introduced into the Philippines colony, where the residents had to provide 40 days of community labor, which was eventually reduced to 15 days in 1884, for all peoples aged 16 to 60 years (Burrell, 72). However, the forced labor system created a corruption avenue for the encomienda, who would ask for a bribe in exchange for absentia to the mandatory communal work. It is both the abuse of power by the religious orders and the abuse of power by the encomienda that led to the Philippine revolution of 1898, which brought the end of the colonization of the Philippines by the Spanish Empire. The formation of the rebel groups in readiness for the revolution started in 1896, and by the December of 1897, the rebel groups had spread throughout all the provinces and caused a ma jor stalemate with the provincial governments, making it hard for the governments to undertake their administrative roles (Burgan, 64). The ability of the Spanish to resist the rebels was weakened by the breakout of the Spanish-American war in 1898, which forced the Spanish to enter into a treaty with the Americans to sell the Philippines colony to America at $20 million, as well as turn in Guam and Puerto Rico, thus formerly ending the Spanish rule of the Philippines (Burrell, 98). On the other hand the patriot Filipinos had taken the acquisition of much of the territory, and declared the independence of First Philippine Republic in July 1898, but the American

Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managment - Essay Example The paper ends with drawing on general and specific lessons out of the case study for management today. The Issue mainly in concern is the importance of political instability in management decision making. Popular uprising Before starting this paper let’s have a look at the word popular uprising. Popular Uprising as defined by the free dictionary has got two meanings: Widely appealed 1. Revolt against a state authority or constituted government or its laws; a rebellion. 2. Act or any instance of rising or of rising up. While the reverso.net dictionary defines it as Popular: An act widely accepted or appealed Uprising: A revolt or a rebellion Introduction to popular uprisings in Middle East Between the late 2010 and the early 2011 a wave of many spontaneous revolts in Tunisia along with Egypt led to the downfall of local regimes. The foreign exporters and the investors in these countries are being affected by the ongoing events, including industrial action, supply chain disrupt ions, looting, and increased counterparty risk. Furthermore, the success of initial protests ignited new tensions across the Middle East and the North Africa (MENA), threatening the very stability of Bahrain, Iran, Jordan, Algeria, Libya and Yemen. Uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt The catalyst for uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia revolts was the suicide of, Mohamed Bouazizi, in the Tunisian town in December 2010; he set himself on fire to revolt against a decision by local authorities to seize his wares. Within few weeks’ demonstrations spread in whole country, as many Tunisians took to the street for protest against political repression and living conditions. Unrest in Egypt Overthrown President Hosni Mubarak’s regime in February led to an unprecedented uprising that was unable to stop. The aims of the revolt were to topple Ben Ali and replace his authoritarian reign with a multi-party democracy. General effects on economy and businesses The wave of recent uprisings that is sweeping across the Middle East along with the North Africa is set to have a major impact on the risks of doing businesses in such country. As political instability keeps on rising in these regions, companies around the world would need to prepare for thereafter knock on effects on the supply chains and business costs occurring across most sectors. This would in the short term cause political instability and economic breakdown in the affected countries which is likely to impact the supply chains around the world; and the textile companies in Europe and consumer goods producers from China and other Asian economies are the ones most vulnerable to these shocks. The careful monitoring of such political and economic trends, the alternative sourcing and the stockpiling are the strategies that can reduce the impacts of these disruptions. The longer term effects would include heightened political risk that could lead to deteriorating economic conditions and tighter access to credit, rais ing the payment risks for the companies that are dealing with MENA (other emerging markets). Adequate political and export risk insurance cover and safe trade terms, such as the documentary credit, will be essentials to mitigating counterparty risk. In the wake of the recent crisis in the MENA region, the lenders and insurance companies are likely to upwardly re price the risk premium that is attached to dealing with such

Discuss the Ethnicity, Race in new cinema and how these elements Essay

Discuss the Ethnicity, Race in new cinema and how these elements represent the culture identity in new cinema - Essay Example Countless movies have been made that placed the white race concept atop the pedestal. This is apparent in many genre, setting and context. Films strengthen the existing prevailing social concepts (Kellner, 1995, as cited in Brayton, n.d.) that refer to a middle class white heterosexual male as the normative figure (Brayton, n.d.). The concept of race is a social construction and originally defined by western people. The general notion brought by this concept is that the white people are superior over those with colored skin. This prevailed during the colonization period where the colonizers were white people. Whiteness reached its peak after the colonial era though (Lopez, 2005). Thus, having colonized lands with black people, the latter were treated as inferior and were made slaves. The same treatment is accorded to people with brown skin. The concept of whiteness was perpetuated even after colonialism as desirable and utilized to repress and marginalize the others (Lopez, 2005). Th e concept of â€Å"personal whiteness† referred to by W.E.B. Du Bois has been readily and systematically accepted by groups which were â€Å"racialized, enslaved, conquered and colonized,† but who regard â€Å"white power and white pretense† as critical concerns (Towards a Bibliography 2006, p. 5). Although numerous groups are working to counter this unequal social construct, there are still segments in society as well as individuals who retained such white supremacy notion. Even those not belonging to organized groups, their individual attitude towards colored people show antagonism or disgust. Individuals who do not belong to the whiteness group are categorized as belonging to the â€Å"other† (Performing Whiteness n.d.). The concept of race can be found in many cultural materials such as stories, narratives, habits, etc. and perpetuated in cinema (Critical Race Theory 2011). Although socially constructed, race has been institutionalized in the US throu gh systematic and deliberate actions, thus creating social structures and consequences (Lipsitz, 1995). In cinema, race is constructed continually as a performance and â€Å"understood as a set of cultural tastes,† but not in relation to biological or cultural existence (Brayton, n.d., p. 63). The lifestyle of the rich upper class whiteness is portrayed as the proper norm (Johnson and Roediger, 1997, as cited in Brayton, n.d.). It is played around the concept of consumer choice (Brayton, n.d.). Academic debates on race focus on cultural identity, the roots of the group, and how members see themselves as a cultural group (Bernardi, n.d.). Identity does not remain the same. It undergoes continuous change and transformation (Hall, 1989, as cited in Bernardi, n.d.). White dominance as a performance is aptly described by Orwell (1936 as cited in Lopez, 2005) in saying that by wearing a mask, the face grows to fit with it. Shifting Focus of Whiteness Racial formation, according to Omi and Howard (1994, as cited in Bernardi, n.d.), is a divide grounded on cultural and physiognomic parameters that tells who should have access to institutions. Racial formation changes like identity (Bernardi, n.d.). During the early developments in cinema, the concept of race was dominated by social Darwinism and eugenics wherein humanity is placed in a â€Å"hierarchy of human cultures and histories† with the Anglo-Saxons at the top, followed by the other Caucasians, the

Green Supply Chain Management. 2250 words Essay

Green Supply Chain Management. 2250 words - Essay Example Baojuan also called the same as Environmentally Conscious Supply Chain Management which meant the use of new means to biologically design â€Å"raw materials purchasing, manufacture organizing, distributing and supplying, consuming, and recycling† (2009:122). Green supply chain is a growing trend among companies worldwide as part of their customer responsibility effort to weave environmentally sound practice into their business operations (Barnett 2011). There are several issues that the green supply chain aims to deal with. The most obvious issue is environmental concern where companies are reducing their carbon footprint to the effect of mitigating pollution with the ultimate objective of keeping carbon emission within the regenerative capacity of ecosphere. This is aligned in the consideration of the growing number of customers who are now conscious of the environmental practice of business enterprise coupled with the benefit that effective green supply chain management can in fact increase operational efficiency and reduce operational cost that made green supply chain a business imperative (Zhu 2012). 2. Compare the differences between the traditional supply chain and the green supply chain. ... It could also add value in the process by creating the competitive infrastructure such as monitoring supply chain activities with the aim of creating net value for the company. This would also include leveraging the worldwide logistics, matching anticipated demand with supply monitoring the same. It is also in the supply chain that involves specific functions in an organization such as customer support and after sales services. The traditional supply chain falls into two categories which are internal supply chain and external supply chain. The internal chain involves activities within the organization which includes the production and distribution process involved in the purchasing department, production department, warehousing, sales network composed of supply and demand. The external supply chain on the other hand relates to activities without the organization that includes procurement of raw materials from the suppliers â€Å"manufacturers, storage, transportation, retailers and, ultimately, the network of supply and demand of consumers. It consists of two streams: upstream and downstream† (Lai et al 2012:113). These activities can be summed up in the figure below. Figure 1. Traditional Supply Chain (Google.com) Green supply chain The green supply chain is the integration of a company’s effort to make its traditional supply chain â€Å"green† or environmentally friendly including all the processes in the company. These activities would include the previously mentioned â€Å"product design, purchases, product design, purchasing, manufacturing processes and the delivery of ?nal product to end customers (Lai et al 2012:113). The biggest difference in green supply chain from the traditional supply chain would be the inclusion of

What Achieving a Degree Means to Me Essay Example for Free

What Achieving a Degree Means to Me Essay Hello my name is ______________ I am a twenty nine year old married mother of two. Ive been married for twelve years and I have an eight years old boy and a two years old girl. Since I was nineteen years old in the fall of 1991 Ive attempted to earn a college degree attending first Tarrant County Junior College and second Weatherford College stop and starting back again several times over the years trying to reach my goal. In the summer of 1995 when my oldest was two my husband and I moved our mobile home on to new land, which required my assistance helping out financially. I started working for a great company that I loved, Auto Rail Services of Texas they are an afflation of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway were I worked part time in the evenings doing data entry. Six months later I started working full time as the assistant office manager in charge of the day-to-day operations. I was sent to Tarrant County Junior College to gain a certificate in Microsoft Office applications. I continued to advance with in the company and enjoyed working there but in the July of 1998 the company suffered financially when Ford Motor Company moved there business to Union Pacific Railway, which caused downsizing in the company I was laid off. I contemplated going back to school after this but couldnt financially afford to stop working full time. The following October I became pregnant with our second child and after her birth my husband and I decided to downsize our financial situation so that I could remain home with the baby. When the child was seven months old I took a part time position in my aunts security company where I assisted in the office and was able to bring my child with me. Not long after my aunts company was forced to go out of business, which caused me to relay on unemployment compensation, threw Texas Workforce Commission there I was informed I could return to college and receive assistance with childcare. I began all the necessary proceedings for the program and was informed before I could actually get the assistance I would need to pass the TASP test a mandatory test required before you are eligible to receive a degree in the State of Texas. Having passed all but the math section of the test I decided I would take a preparatory tasp math class. The next six months I attended two such classes and in August of 2001 was successful in pass the math portion of the tasp. In June of that same year our home suffered water damage from a roof attempting to be put on but not finish before a storm hit water leaked in every where causing on the ceilings in the home to cave in. From June until September when were living in a hotel awaiting the finish of our home. Having so much going on at that time I decided not to attend college that fall. I am currently enrolled at Weatherford College 9 semester hours. Do the all the kayos this summer I was never able to update Texas Workforce Commission with my status and to ask for assistance with childcare. I had qualified for a seven hundred and fifty dollar federal Pell grant, which barely covered the costs and enrolled. I took a part time position as a tutor for Fort Worth Independent School District and I have received assistance from two family members with childcare on a temporary bases. Now that I have introduced myself and caught you up on my life history I would like to start telling you how strongly I feel and how important it is to me that I reach my goal of obtaining a college degree. I am going after a degree in the business field and I hope to eventually get a master degree as well. I know that people say that being a mother is a great accomplishment in itself. Dont get me wrong I too know it is, but sometimes is just not enough for some of us I just happen to be one of those some bodies. I love being a mom first and foremost but growing up as a young girl I always wanted and even thought that for sure I was gone be a great something or do something grand in life just what that was though I didnt quite know. Life some how takes you this way then that way and you sometimes end up off course as though you had a sail on our back a the wind was just drifting you around through life. Then some times being stubborn headed and getting way a head of yourself also contributes to blowing you way off course but you manage to grow in time and slowly start to see the way back on course but getting back on course isnt as easy as getting off course was. Even though it takes a slow, long and hard course back you get there you just stay strong, driven, and wanting it oh so bad. When the day finally comes that I do have my degree in hand and decided after all that maybe being a moms is grand enough I would at least have the self-satisfaction of know I did it I reached my ultimate goal and knowing the pleasures that come along with it such as independence, and knowledge gained. No longer needing to worry if anything ever happened would you be able to survive on your own, care for your children and maintain your lifestyle. How great it would feel to hang a plaque on the wall showing your accomplishment for all to see especially your children after all how could you expect them to accomplish such a task if you yourself never did. It has recently come to my attention the importance of just why I need this knowledge see I realized that one day my children would need my help with a school assignment and should be able to assist them. I need to be an example not to mention being able to keep up with current events around the world, the local economy as well as government issues such as politics. I say forget that I am not going threw life blind I want to always have at least one eye open at all times. That little voice that I use to hear inside of me telling me you are going to do something grand well shes getting louder and its time to listen. I know that over the course of my life I havent always made the right decision or took the right course or maybe even done some things a little backwards but I have always been able to see the light open up my eyes and see things for what they really are and find my way back around again. Some times it takes time, time to grow, to grow up, and to stop being so darn stubborn. Then it also takes just plan old school of hard nocks were you just plan have to live and learn for yourself. Ive lived and Ive learned knowledge is power and theres nothing you cant accomplish or learn once you try. Here is some things Ive learned over the years some even by mistake like getting married, buying your first home, land, a car, furniture, going to college and maintaining a fulltime job to support your household, doing your taxes, becoming a mother, attending college and being a mother, credit cards, mortgages, real estate taxes and insurance. Losing your credit, burial of a loved one after watching them die, to winning, to loosing, to finding new things out about yourself your crafty, creative, and resourceful, remodel your own home from tile, to drywall tape, bed, and texture, to cabinets and counters, to paint, you even learn over the years about the mechanics of cars these are just a few examples of where knowledge has got me so far. For me having a degree means accomplishment, independence, and knowledge. If it takes me the rest of my life to accomplish my goal of a degree I will no matter what obstacles come my way. I would just like to end by saying thank you for being out there trying to help people accomplish there goals and dreams and for making it a little easier to do so.

The Screaming Truths of Slavery Essay Example for Free

The Screaming Truths of Slavery Essay In the 1700’s to the1800’s slavery is perceived to be a normal system of association existing among humans. Slavery is extensively practiced specially in the Southern part of the Americas. Slaves are being subjected to difficult and severe kinds of work. Negros is the primary race of men that is subjected in a master and slave relationship. Usually, slaves are employed to assist the plantation owners of the work in the agricultural land of the Southern America. Plantations in agricultural lands are mainly maintained because of the servitude of slaves to their white masters. In the era of rampant slavery, there is a great imbalance of the proportion of slaves with the white masters in the South of the Americas. White masters who possess slaves own a minimum of three slaves. There are white masters who own more than fifteen slaves. Slaves have essentially become part of the daily existence of white masters. Slavery is like an appendage of white masters in terms of accomplishments of tasks in the plantation and even in the routines and chores inside the house of the white masters. Slaves are indispensable assistants in doing the rough and course labor. Without the slaves, the white masters will be burdened with great pile of labor loads that are needed in the plantation and other enterprise existing in the agricultural land of the South. However in the advent of resistance regarding the ethical issues and implications on slavery, distressing and astonishing accounts of slaves’ experiences have been uncovered not only among white citizens of the South which lacks the capability of acquiring a slave, but also to the citizens in the North of the Americas. Morality and ethics have been given importance because of the distressing accounts narrated by the Negro slaves. In the course of the resistance in the practice of slavery, the normality and rampant existence of the cruel kind of relationship is greatly admonished. Some of the white inhabitants of the America have undergone through a feeling of abhorrence in the way that slaves are treated by their white masters. Many have loathed the unjust and unfair system of the South. Even citizens outside of the Americas have questioned the practice of the acquisition of slaves for labor purposes. In the present time, slavery is almost already annihilated. However, remnants of the unfair relationship between the dark-skinned race and fair-skinned race are still present and visible. Discrimination has replaced slavery. Discrimination is still always felt by Negros and black-colored skinned people. The agents of discrimination are still the â€Å"superior† race of the white men. In the initiation of the rise of resistance to slavery, there are tough defenders of the advantages and moral value of slavery. There are counter defenses on the accusations among the white men of battery of their slaves. One of the toughest defenders of slavery is George Fitzhugh. And in his â€Å"Sociology for the South or the Failure of Free Society† he has expounded arguments favoring the continuing and flourishing of slavery. He has cited hard facts, economic indicators, and even counter narrative accounts of Negro slaves in strengthening his claims in defending the practice of slavery. In the defense of slavery by Fitzhugh, slavery is seen as the realization of the laws of nature. Slavery is a normal course of the existence of humanity. Slavery is always in accordance with the natural law of survival. In the act employing slaves, the white masters are actually acting in favor of the slaves. In Fitzhugh’s position, slavery is a respectable and generous act. It is because in the act of slavery, white masters are enforced to give good custody to the slaves. Slavery as a decent act by Fitzhugh roots its origin in his perception about human nature. In his statements, human nature is individualistic. Selfishness is the goal of every human being in the world. This selfishness drives man in competing with other men for achieving their wants and goals. This is in coherence with the laws of nature because animals and plants also employ the notion of competition. Stronger and cannier animals overpower and even kill those weaker ones. In the case of plants, those who have the inherent capabilities to survive get more nutrition and minerals than those whose capabilities are menial in surviving the harshness of their natural environment. Thus, it is normal and adequate that in the course of competition, other human beings subjugate other humans. Their triumph over other human beings is a noble cause of their perseverance in struggling for survival. Consequently it is a natural process that men who have prevailed in the struggle for survival be compensated with more facilities of easier life such as larger profit in the course of industry when compared with other men who are incapable of offsetting other men. Therefore, slavery is a result of the white masters’ great capabilities of outweighing the Negros. And the white masters deserve the Negros as their slaves. Slavery is a compensation for the difficulty that white masters underwent. According to the defense of Fitzhugh’s slavery, the Negro must be very thankful of his being bound with the master. It is because the Negros will never need to worry on the means of his daily survival for his white master has given him all that he wanted and will never bereft him of his wants. Fitzhugh stressed that the slaves are actually lucky in the master-slave relationship. When the slave is born, all needs and wants will be provided by the master. The slave will not worry regarding his daily existence because the master will greatly need his assistance. The slave will never be bereft of support from the master. In this light, Fitzhugh declares that the South of the Americas has actually become the model of communism. Another advantage of slavery according to Fitzhugh is the lack of competition among slaves in terms of finding labor. There is also no dispute between the master and the slaves because each part is in the service of the advantage of each other. The slave need not fear the forthcoming of imminent difficulties for he is depending on the white master. Accordingly, this dependency results in the extensive progress of the sense of affection of masters and slaves because this dependency is based on the inherent laws of nature. This dependency also demonstrates the goodness of the white masters to the Negro slaves. Fitzhugh also pointed that in the states that practices slavery, the incidence of crimes, poverty, and dissent are minimal. As the in the South of America, people are happy and calm. Harmony thrives among the inhabitants of the South. The abovementioned are the reasons and arguments of Fitzhugh in his defense of slavery. Because of the preceding statements, Fitzhugh asserted that slavery is a necessary component of a society. Slavery can induce the development of a society for it is transpiring in the light of cooperation and in the symbiotic relationship of the masters and slaves. Further it is in precise agreement in the laws of nature. The arguments of Fitzhugh seem to be reasonable but on the other hand, the accounts of slavery in reality tell differently. Slaves are in total opposite of the accounts of Fitzhugh regarding the harmony of slaves’ lives. In an interview with a past slave named Nancy Boudry, the true story of the lives of Negros has been recounted (Rawrick pp. 113-117). Nancy said that the life as a slave is a life full of difficulty with lengthy periods of work, tough labor, and regular beating from white masters. She told the hardships that she has experience with the everyday life with his master. Another tormenting disproof on the assertions of Fitzhugh is the account of a slave mother who has killed her child (Bassett, pp. 215-216). The crime is committed by the slave mother on the reason of eradicating all the possibilities of her conceived child being subjected in the same existence as her. She is asked if he felt any form of tension when she is performing the act of killing. It is very astounding to know that the slave did not feel any form of tension or fear for herself. All she felt is the relief that her two children have been alleviated from the cruel fate of all colored-skin humans. She has decided to kill her children also because of the brutal treatment of her master towards her. She did not want her children to experience what she has experienced. Aside from accounts of mothers and elderly, there is also a distressing account of a young lady in the hands of his malevolent and evil white master (Jacobs, pp. 142-150). In her account, it will be discovered that slavery is a very painful situation in the eyes of young girl. The hard work and beatings are not the only problem that a growing lady can encounter in a relationship of masters to slaves. Also, sexual abuse is a threat to any growing lady that is possessed as a slave by the white master. The innocence of the growing lady has been replaced by contempt and loathing for her white master. Other narratives of slaves highlight the torment that slaves feel whenever they witnessed their Negro brothers and sisters being maltreated by the white masters. They tell that they can’t contain the sadness that they feel whenever they see such. Though they hardly want to show compassion for their brothers and sisters, it is prohibited by the cruelty of the circumstances where in they are situated. It is also worth noting that slaves are not only been subjected to the ruthlessness of slavery. Also, slaves have experienced the hardships of the civil war, particularly those who inhabit the Southern part of the Americas. In comparison of the South America with the North America, slavery is identified as one of the evils of the South. Failures in the South America are attributed to the practice of slavery contrary to what Fitzhugh is espousing in his assertions. These accounts are only a minute part of the whole accounts of Negros who have suffered from slavery. In reality, it is true that slaves must worry about their future for they are supported by their masters. However, this dependence has subjugated the Negros beyond the level of human beings, slavery made them into animals. And no virtue of humanity is at the side of an act which violates not only the freewill of a person but mostly his disposition as someone that is also human. Therefore, Fitzhugh’s arguments are resting on erroneous and disdainful bases.His position is really not in the side of the society but only in the side of those who benefits from the evils of slavery. References: 1. Rawrick, G. (1972). The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography Vol. 12. Westport: Greenwood. 2. Bassett, P. S. (1856, February 12). A Visit to the Slave Mother Who Killed Her Child. American Baptist Magazine, 215-216. 3. Jacobs, A. (1861). Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. \ 4. Douglass, F. (1845). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. 5. Furman, R. (1822). Exposition of the Views of the Baptists, Relative to the Coloured Population of the United States, in a Communication to the Governor of South Carolina. 6. Escott. (1999). Major Problems in the History of American South. Houghton: Mifflin. 7. Helper, R. (1857). The Impending Crisis of the South. 8. Longstreet, A. (1835). The Fight. Georgia Scenes: Characters, Incidents in the First Half Century of the Republic. 9. Rose. (1976). Documentary History of Slavery in North America. Oxford University Press.

History of Standards Of Beauty

History of Standards Of Beauty We live in a consumer culture and we are bombarded with advertising, retailing and entertainment industry. It is forcing us to buy and consume products, promising us happiness and self-transformation. Media is ever present in our lives. We look to the media to help us define, explain, and shape the world around us (Kellner, 2003). We make comparisons of ourselves, those close to us, and situations in our lives after seeing images in the media. And as a result, after these comparisons we are motivated to try to achieve new goals and expectations. In the contemporary world, messages about goods are all pervasive- advertising has increasingly filled up the spaces of our daily existenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is the air that we breathe as we live our daily lives (Jhally, 1990: 250). The important thing is that we cannot avoid comparisons of ourselves to the images which we are surrounded with from media and most of us will find ourselves inadequate when we do this (Kellner, 2003). How many times have we after seeing some beautiful woman in a magazine or on TV, thought: I want hair, lips, body, breasts or something else like she has?! Media is our most important information source. But I think we are not educated by it. We believe in everything that media serves us. This essay seeks to address so many women who feel they just dont measure up when it comes to their looks. Women who believe their thighs are too big, their breasts too small, their hair boring, their skin flawed, their body shaped funny, or their clothes outdated. We are surrounded with women who believe their life would improve if they could only lose 15 pounds; if they could afford contact lenses, that new perfume or anti-cellulite lotion; if they got a nose job, a face lift, a tummy tuck, etc, women who feel shame or unhappiness when they think about some part (or all) of their body. In other words, every day we see there is a great majority of women who feel this way. We all want to be beautiful. But I want to write about what lies behind that, behind that beauty myth. In this essay I will try to explore and to explain, how media plays a dominant role in influencing females perceptions of the world around them, as well as helping them to define their sense of self. I will try to examine the influences that media has on females feelings towards their place in society, sexuality, self-esteem and body image. I hope will give some answers to some questions. What media does in terms of imposing the beauty myth? How standards of beauty changed over time and yet beauty for women is still compulsory? What can we say about pressure on women as opposed to men when it comes to looks? How is beauty being sold to women and what the consequences of these issues are? I will try to show you who is getting the profit in this non-ending battle. In other words I will try to answer these questions that at one point we all should ask ourselves. STANDARDS OF BEAUTY THROUGHOUT THE PAST The cultural standard of beauty, when it comes to body shape, is always changing. Womens bodies is not what changed, it is the ideals (Kilbourne, 1995). Advertising, retailing and entertainment produce notions of beauty that change over time. These notions place pressure upon women who try to be in vogue (Wykes and Gunter, 2005). Between 1400 and 1700, a fat body shape was considered sexually appealing and fashionable (Attie and Brooks Gun, 1987). By the nineteenth century, the fat shape was replaced by voluptuous figure, centered at a generous breasts and hips and narrow waist (Fallon, 2005). The voluptuous shape for women persisted through the early part of the twentieth century, and eventually was replaced by the slender shape of the 1920s (Mazur, 1986). The curvaceous ideal continued through the 1940s and 1950s (Mazur, 1986). By the mid-1960s, however, fashions shifted once again towards the idealization of slender body shapes over curvaceous ness. Since then the only slight shi ft from extreme thinness as the feminine ideal was the muscularization of the still very thin body during the 1980s (Mazur, 1986). We are bombarded today with images of the perfect woman. She is usually a gorgeous blonde, although brunettes, redheads and exotic women of color are also shown. She is tall and skinny, weighing at least 20% less than an average woman weighs. She rarely looks older than 25, has no visible flaws on her skin, and her hair and clothes are always immaculate (Kilbourne, 1995). In other words, one perfect woman looks pretty much like the next. Like Kilbourne (1995) said in Slim Hopes it is likely that these women we see are not real. BEAUTY AND WOMEN The beauty myth tells a story: The quality called beauty objectively and universally exists. Women must want to embody it and men must want to possess women who embody it. This embodiment is an imperative for women and not for men, which situation is necessary and natural because it is biological, sexual, and evolutionary: Strong men battle for beautiful women, and beautiful women are more reproductively successful. Womens beauty must correlate to their fertility, and since this system is based on sexual selection, it is inevitable and changeless. None of this is trueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Wolf, 1990: 12) In the near past as the new wave of feminism emerged women have broken trough many of the material and legal obstructions. And finally they got out of their houses and became emancipated. But then more strictly and heavily and cruelly images of female beauty have come to burden upon us (Wolf, 1990). And now we are in the middle of a strong reaction against feminism that uses images of female beauty as a political weapon against womens advancement and success. According to Wolf (1990) beauty is a money system. Like economy it is determined by politics. It is not about women at all, it is about institutional power. I will show you later where the money goes. It seems like we are a good way to make money. We are vulnerable when it is about our self-worth and self-esteem. The ideal of womens beauty contradicted womens freedom and power by moving the social limits to womens lives directly onto our faces and bodies ( Wolf, 1990). And the consequence is that we now ask the questions about our bodies, skin, hair, clothes etc, which women a generation ago asked about their place in society. After so many years fighting to get our rights to everything, we are now prisoners of our body. And beauty image presented in time is our tormentor. Once again we have to fight for our rights and freedom of choice. Throughout the years, there have been forces in culture that attempt to punish women who tray to succeed in their lives, in other words to get control over their lives and environment (Wolf, 1990). There is a strong cultural reaction against women that uses images of female beauty to keep women in their place. And we have to ask ourselves where men in that strong reaction against women are. MEN AND WOMEN Media pressures women to strive for the very thin look. For example, magazines for women celebrate the very thin look, but magazines for men do not do that. In fact, there are not so many that skinny women in mens magazines. Women have low self-esteem because they are surrounded with male idea of beauty that is linked with media representations. We all think that men want to possess the beautiful women we see every day in magazines or on TV. That is the thing that Wolf (1990) claims to be the beauty myth. We all have to strive for beauty because men want to possess women who have it. In other words women are being sold to themselves in order to achieve a self whom the men in the future might choose. But Loaded magazine said that women do not have the difficulty of living with the male idea of beauty shown on the catwalk. John Perry in Loaded magazine stated: No, men fancy models because they have beautiful faces, not because they look like theyve been fed under a door. Sleeping with a supermodel would be about as pleasurable as shagging a bicycle. The truth is it is women themselves who see these freaks as the epitome of perfection (2002: 79). We all think that men want to possess beautiful women like the ones shown on TV and in magazines. And the key point is that a womans sense of her body actually has not been hers but mans view of her body. Women see themselves trough mens eyes. But Berger (2005) notes that this is not an equal and opposite phenomenon. Men are pressured to be thin and well-toned too. But they can get away with imperfection as long as they have charm and humor (Gauntlett, 2002). Levels of skinniness are irrelevant. Almost all of the beautiful women in both womens and mens magazines are thin, not fat, and this must have an impact. Magazines impose us standard of beauty and women feel inadequate after seeing men longing for some perfect woman represented by media with flawless face, big breast, narrow waist, long legs, beautiful tan etc. Our culture teaches women they cant be happy unless they are beautiful, but I have to emphasize that it also teaches men they cant be happy unless they are rich and/or powerful (Wolf, 1990). But the difference is that rich and powerful men come in all shapes, sizes, and ages. Men can get away with every small imperfection. But when Julia Roberts was seen to have armpits at the premiere of Notting Hill in 1999, the worlds press went crazy with excitement over this (wholly natural)  ´outrage ´ (Gauntlett, 2002). So we have to face the fact that there is a difference between media representation of women and the one of men. We all are pressured because media does not just reflect our world but also shapes it. And it sells us all kind of solutions to improve ourselves. SELLING BEAUTY We are all bombarded every day with messages from television shows, movies, advertisements, magazine articles that we need to look a certain way in order to be accepted (Kilbourne, 1995). For many of us, these images are neither realistic nor achievable. The result is that we feel bad about ourselves if we dont measure up. This gives a sense of insecurity among women, and this drives sales in the beauty industry. In Slim Hopes Kilbourne (1995) argues that some could say we cannot blame only advertisements, but they are the most persuasive aspect of media power to influence us culturally and individually. Girls are extremely desirable to advertisers because they are new consumers, are beginning to have significant disposable income, and are developing brand loyalty that might last a lifetime (Kilbourne, 1999: 259). Girls of all ages get the message that they must be flawlessly beautiful and thin. They get the message that with enough effort and self-sacrifice, they can achieve this ideal. And the result is that young girls from the early start to feel bad about them. Kilbourne (1999) argues that these images of perfect women that surround us would not influence us so much if we did not live in a culture that imposes us the belief that we can and should remake our bodies into perfect ones. These images play into the American belief of transformation and ever-new possibilities, no longer via hard work but via the purchase of the right products (Kilbourne, 1999: 260). Magazines represent a strong insistence that women of all ages must do their best, and that they must spend their money in order to look as beautiful as possible. Some of their content is the fashion and beauty material, which takes up many pages in the magazines. But womens magazines today construct women in a social way too. As Beetham and Boardman say, magazines not only address women as consumers but also as readers, as in search of entertainment or in need of instruction in various social roles ( 2005: 41). We can say that magazines for women took the task of defining what it meant to be a woman, or what it meant to be a particular kind of woman. Through advertising women are told clearly what women should be, and what particular product they could use/buy to help. Women are suggested an identity and told they are not good enough being natural. We can say that women are asked to buy themselves. As Berger puts it, the publicity image steals her love of herself as she is, and offe rs it back to her for the price of the product (2005: 43). A massive worldwide industry is eager to tell women that there are products for sale which can improve their looks. And we all buy them, dont we!? And the worst part is that identity is understood as something that could be reworked, improved upon, and even dramatically changed. There are so many magazines that promised every girl the chance to get a stylish and attractive look that fashion models and famous women have. Spending money on clothing, cosmetics, and accessories are presented as necessity if we want to construct a desirable self (Ouellette, 1999). How many times have we as we read some magazine or watch TV advertisement and thought I have to have that? We all have products in our homes that we bought because of some add on TV or magazine article that told us that it is the best product for our hair to be astonishing , for our face to be immaculate, our figure to be fit, our lips to be attractive etc. And the important thing is that it seems like women get the messages/promises from magazines full of articles telling us that if women use these product they will improve their looks and, theyll have it all-the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career. But actually there is no link between these things. I think that it does not mean that we will be happy in our life if we try to change our looks using some product. One of the most powerful disciplinary practices for women is that of dieting. By dieting women are disciplining their bodies to only consume a certain amount of food. By doing this women feel they are becoming more like the image of the perfect (properly feminine) woman. Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight (Kilbourne, 1995). Many women tend to over diet which leads to anorexia and women who dont diet are mocked by society or they feel guilty for not doing that. After filling up the women audience with images of super-thin models, television networks then proceed to show hours and hours of commercials on weight-loss, dieting and fitness programs (Kilbourne, 1995). We can se that this is a marketing strategy. Firstly, media makes us feel bad about ourselves by showing us stereotypes of beautiful women that we are not and then they offer us the best solution to improve ourselves, to change our looks into prefect commodities of beautiful women. Another disciplinary practice that is given by the media is that of skin care and make-up. A womans skin must be soft, hairless, and smooth and ideally it should not show any sign of wear, experience, age, or deep thought. Magazines can give you page upon page of makeup tips and skin care strategies that women should follow in order to conform to the universal feminine standard (Wykes and Gunter, 2005). Cosmetic products are being sold to women to achieve those attributes that makes a women desirable. An unwrinkled face, thighs without cellulite, and large breasts have become the metaphor for female success because reaching these female symbols needs a lot of sacrifice, hard work, and self-control ( Wykes and Gunter, 2005). But I have to mention one thing that could lead us women to a completely different era when it comes to beauty. Theres a very different approach from Dove with its revolutionary campaign for real beauty that has received enormous publicity by using women of all shapes and sizes wearing white bra and pants to advertise their products. The whole point is to make beauty more accessible, as accessible as it can be, explains Alessandro Manfredi, vice president of Dove. So by widening the definition of beauty, we believe that more women will gain the confidence, because they will see beauty is closer to them than the beauty of a supermodel that is so far, and people could give upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦We dont want women to give up, we want to tell them; beauty, its at your reach (Austen, 2006). Dove is launching a major initiative in order to encourage discussion and debate about the nature of beauty. The Campaign for Real Beauty asks women to give serious thought about beauty issues such as societys definition of it, the quest for perfection, the difference between beauty and physical attractiveness, and the way the media shapes our perceptions of beauty.  [1]  Dove has established the Dove Self-Esteem Fund to raise awareness of the connection between beauty and body-related self-esteem.The Dove Self-Esteem Fund in the US helps build self-confidence in girls ages 8-14. The Dove mission is to make women feel more beautiful every day by challenging todays stereotypical view of beauty and inspiring women to take great care of themselves.  [2]  But we have to face the fact that Dove, is the No. 1 personal wash brand nationwide. One in every three households uses a Dove product.  [3]  That includes bar cleansers, body washes, face care, anti-perspirants/ deodorants and hair care. Dove is available nationwide in food, drug and mass outlet stores. So we must ask ourselves, is it really about women or again some beauty industry is manipulating us and making money from our pockets?! BEAUTY AS PROFIT All this beauty selling leads us to the question: who benefits from this beauty market! Is it really about women or are we tricked by those who have the power? Media and beauty industry including diet, surgery and cosmetic industry is manipulating us by making us throw our money on reworking our looks. That leads me to one conclusion that it cannot be about women, for the ideal is not about women but about money. We should ask ourselves how much money we spend on the best thing that will make us desirable and beautiful. The cosmetic surgery industry in the United States takes $300 million every year, and is growing annually by 10 percent (Wolf, 1990). One reason why media is so influential is that advertising is 130 billion dollar a year industry. The average American watches 30 hours of TV a week and spends 110 hours a year reading magazines (Wolf, 1990). It is very unfortunate that the media influences society to the point that it defines the ideal woman. Advertising is a powerful force in our culture that informs us but does not educate us. Economics is also a significant factor in the development of the ideal image. There is a wealth of businesses that depend upon the American desire for thinness to survive (Wolf, 1990). Exercise and diet companies are an example. In order to create a market for their product, they attempt to make women feel inadequate about their own bodies through advertisement. According to Wolf, the diet industry has tripled its income in the past 10 years from a $10 billion industry to a $33.3 billion industry. When we compare some results with UK we can see that there is also a lot of profiting going on. The UK beauty industry takes  £8.9 billion a year by selling products to women. Magazines are financed by the beauty industry (Greer, 2002). They start with young girls and teach them how to use the right product and they establish loyalty that lasts a lifelong (Greer, 2002). We all probably have one cosmetic product that we use for so many years. Cosmetics for teenagers are relatively cheap but within a few years more cultured market will persuade the most rational woman to throw her money on the right product that promises to defend women from their own weakness So we can see that the economy depends on manipulating consumers to buy as much as possible. And we can link the beauty industry and mass media, it is as Wykes and Gunter say symbiotic relationship, because beauty industry depends on mass media and vice versa. It seems there is no limit in how one can be beautiful, or how much money can we spend in order to feel beautiful, completely disregarding our health. And the consequences are harmful or sometimes even devastating. CONSEQUENCES OF MEDIA REPRESENTATION Women learn to reconstruct themselves. It is second nature to disguise them, dress them and decorate themselves with a huge range of materials. Over the past 30 years they have gone further than ever before in this process. They can re-arrange some of the organic material that is their body-sometimes without any harm, sometimes with devastating consequences.(Wykes and Gunter, 2005:48) A research by the British Medical Association has shown that eating disorders have one of the highest mortality rates of all psychological illnesses, and that the level of skinniness enforced by fashion models is both unachievable and biologically inappropriate and gives a wrong picture of an ideal body to young women (Gauntlett, 2002). However, we cannot blame media influences to directly cause eating disorders. There are some others components that play an important role with these consequences. Report notes that eating disorders are caused by genetics, family history and cultural environment (Gauntlett, 2005). But for those who are psychologically and genetically predisposed to anxiety when it comes about body image, media plays an unhelpful role. The American research group Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, Inc. reports that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of dieting, including fasting, skipping meals, extreme workouts, laxative abuse, and self-induced vomiting.  [4]  The Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute notes that girls even at age of nine are trying to control their weight. Research in the US gives similar results. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 per cent of girls aged 6 to 12 are using at least one kind of dieting, and that 50 to 70 per cent girls of normal weight girls think they are overweight.  [5]   Cosmetic surgeons are making a lot of money with women doing cosmetic surgeries for every imperfection that we can imagine (Wolf, 1990). Women get the message that normal, round womens bodies are too fat; that soft womens flesh is really cellulite; that women with small breasts arent sexy; that women who dont have the perfect face arent attractive; that a women over 30 who in their faces have sings of their ageing are ugly. No wonder women are thinking about or doing cosmetic surgeries in order to be beautiful. In conclusion, what is the result of this sought for perfection? One out of every 4 college girls has an eating disorder. A psychological study in 1995 found that 3 minutes spent looking at models in a fashion magazine caused 70% of women to feel depressed, guilty and shameful. 50% of American women are dieting and 75% of normal weight women think they are too fat (Wolf, 1990). All these arguments lead us to one conclusion: to view ones body from the outside, that is, to put center onto physical attractiveness, sex appeal, measurements, weight, face characteristics has many harmful effects- feelings of shame, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, development of eating disorder. CONCLUSION The traditional definition of beauty, based only on physical appearance, is powerfully communicated through the mass media and has been assimilated through popular culture. It is this ideal that many women measure themselves against and aspire to attain. According to the narrow-minded society we live in, there just doesnt seem to be a limit on how beautiful one can become.Well, someone has given us a definition of beauty that is superior to our mind. Can we hope for a day when mind in body will be a notion of beauty? I hope I have showed that by media presentation of an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits. I hope I have proved that in our society media has created an environment so image obsessed that those with power( and by those I mean beauty industry and media) have caused emerging of a generation of women so self conscious about their body image, that it is affecting their health. However, women around the world would like to see media change in way it represents beauty. We have to face the fact that wearing makeup, losing weight, having surgeries, dressing up etc, will not change who we are. Our identity is what makes us unique. We should not want anymore to look like someone else. There is nothing wrong in doing things that makes a woman feel good about her as long as we have a choice of doing that because of ourselves not because someone told us it is proper thing to do for a woman in order to be beautiful. So I have to emphasis that I in this essay I did not try to attack wearing make up, having surgeries, working out, dieting etc, as long as we do not feel shame, guilt or anxiety when we dont do these practices. We have to speak out for ourselves. It is wrong to use our looks as our voices. It is not the look that should do the talking. Beauty shouldnt be our weapon for success in life, but also it shouldnt be media and beauty industry weapon against women themselves. Media is always going to be present in our lives, but we have to realize that not everything we are exposed to by the media is real. So what can we do? We can take their power. We can reject political manipulation. Like Wolf (1990) said, we should turn away from them, and look directly at one another. We should look for the beauty in female subculture; try to find music, films, biographies, plays that illustrate women in three dimensions. And perhaps then we will unveil the beauty myth and find the truth about beauty.

Human Rights In Tibet :: Human Rights Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1949, newly communist China sent 35,000 troops to invade Tibet (Tibet Support Group UK 1). The year after that a treaty was made. The treaty acknowledged sovereignty over Tibet, but recognized the Tibetan government’s autonomy with respect to internal affairs. The Chinese violated the treaty on many occasions, though. This lead to the National Uprising in 1959, and after that, the exile of the Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibet, and many governmental leaders (Office of Tibet 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During and after the Chinese invasion of Tibet, there was mass destruction of Tibetan buildings. Over 6,000 monasteries, temples and other cultural and historic buildings were destroyed. The contents of the thousands of buildings destroyed was taken back to China and sold (Office of Tibet 3). The Tibetan people tried to rebuild their country, but the political leader who tried to start the â€Å"recuperation† policy was forced to resign from office shortly after (Office of Tibet 2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the National Uprising alone 87,000 Tibetans were killed. Another 430,000 died in the fifteen years of guerilla warfare that followed. Sources also say that up to 260,000 have died in prisons and in labour camps (Tibet Support Group UK 3). Also, 200 unarmed civilians were killed during non-violent protests between 1987 and 1989. Overall 1,200,000 Tibetans have died since 1959. That is roughly one fifth of the population of Tibet (Office of Tibet 1). That does not include all of the deaths of Tibetans during the Chinese invasion, and all of those who froze to death trying to flee Tibet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Tibetan people who survived the killing were denied what most consider primal freedoms. One of which is freedom of religion. Tibetan religious practice was forcibly suppressed until 1979 (Tibet Support Group UK 4). Also, in early 1989, Chinese authorities undertook a campaign to tighten control over religious practice. This campaign intensified the crackdown on the pro-democracy movement (Churchward 1). The campaign affected Catholics, Protestants, Muslims, and Buddhists. Another religious suppression on the part of the Chinese is that they have banned public celebrations of Tibet’s Great Prayer Festival because China believed that it would lead to nationalist demonstrations (Churchward 2). Now all Tibetan churches, mosques, and temples must be registered, and to do so, they must meet official standards (Churchward 1). Also, the only people permitted to perform religious duties, according to Document #19, are those who after examination are deemed †Å"politically reliable, patriotic, and law-abiding† (Churchward 3).

Lesson Plan :: essays papers

Lesson Plan Student Arrangement- The class will be set up in centers for the duration of the lesson. Center one will be set up on the left side of the room. Center two will be set up on the right side of the room. Center three will be set up in the middle of the room so both teachers will be close to the center and able to see what is going on. I. OBJECTIVES Center One The students will be introduced to measuring cups by correctly stating the relationship between the different cup sizes when asked. The students will also learn how to follow recipe directions by correctly creating a ladybug cookie and copying the recipe. Center Two The students will be able to sing the ladybug song. The students will learn how the ladybug defends itself by singing the lyrics and creating a group poster. Center Three The students will create their own 3D ladybug with construction paper. II. MATERIALS Center One ï‚ · Measuring cups ï‚ · Water ï‚ · Empty Container ï‚ · Marker Board ï‚ · Vanilla Wafers ï‚ · Mini Chocolate Chips ï‚ · Red Frosting ï‚ · Thin Black Licorice ï‚ · Green/Red/White Construction Paper ï‚ · Black Marker ï‚ · Scissors ï‚ · Glue Center Two ï‚ · Copies of I’m a Little Ladybug Song ï‚ · Pencils ï‚ · The Ladybug and other Insects by Celia Godkin Center Three ï‚ · Instructions for Creating Ladybug ï‚ · Red/Black Construction Paper ï‚ · Scissors ï‚ · Glue III. PROCEDURES A. ANTICIPATORY SET I will tell the class as a whole that today we are going to be doing something different. We will be working in centers and in each center you will have the opportunity to be creative and artistic. I will then divide the class into three groups according to student’s behaviors and abilities. (Each center will also have an anticipatory set. It will be labeled number one in the teaching/learning set.) B. TEACHING/LEARNING SET *Tia and Fred will be in one group and Sam and Sue will be in another group to insure more teacher attention. *Harry will be wearing a FM monitor connected to the teacher who is instructing him. *Tia and Sue will be in close proximity to teacher to allow for assistance. Center One 1. I will start the center by asking the students if they have ever helped their mom make cookies at home. I will then tell the children that they will be making cookies but we first need to look at the math skills that go into making cookies.